Marion Kaplans Between Dignity and Despair Essay

Marion Kaplans Between Dignity and Despair - Essay Example Above all, Marion A Kaplan has been able to demonstrate as to how the overall family experiences transformed due to marginalization and restrictions imposed on Jewish community. This book is academically critical as it narrates the story of common Jews who were part of the community before the rise of Hitler to the power. Marion A Kaplan offered a detailed account of changes in the social attitudes of common Germans when Hitler assumed the power. Marion attempted to illustrate the historical account of how ordinary Jews suffered during the period immediately preceding the war. She has specially been able to portray the experiences of women and how the family experiences changed during that era. Marion is known for her work on the feminist movement and extensive work on detailing the day to day lives of Jews during Imperial Germany. She has been able to combine the history of ordinary Jews with that of the gender studies with focus on women. The theme of this book is to present the Jewish history from the point of view of individuals- women specially and is based upon an extensive account of personal memoirs as well as testimonies of women who lived during that era. There has been extensive historical coverage of how the Jews survived under these conditions however; Marion’s account is more rigorous as it offered a unique and different perspective to this historical period. Until this work, Jewish history was not seen particularly from this perspective and thus this book is significant milestone towards contributing the academic literature on this subject. Marion has been able to demonstrate as to how the psychological, social as well as physical isolation of the German Jews further deteriorated their spirit and marginalized them in same society where they were considered as equal citizens. The use of legislations to actually undermine the social, economic as well as legal standing of the Jews in the country was widely used against them. These actions

Training and Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Training and Development - Research Paper Example gic resources that can provide rare competitive advantages to organizations, while the human capital theory argues that the level of knowledge, skills, and abilities of human resources are essential factors of economic-value production in firms (Hamid, 2013, p. 187). Garcà ­a (2005) studied the relationship between training policies and business performance for a sample of Spanish organizations across different industries. She proposed that training policies have inherent features of durability, transmission possibility, and replication and transparency potential that can affect stakeholder satisfaction and firm productivity (Garcà ­a, 2005, pp. 1694-1695). Garcà ­a (2005) followed the universalist approach in testing her four hypotheses. This approach is already widely used and is appropriate to her analysis of multiple firms in diverse industries. The questionnaire on training policy determined the following: (1) functions of the training services; (2) training policy objectives; (3) nature of training (proactive versus reactive); and (4) training evaluation (Garcà ­a, 2005, pp. 1699-1700). The four hypotheses of the study were the following: These hypotheses determine the relationships between training and worker satisfaction, client satisfaction, shareholder satisfaction, and firm productivity. While other studies focus on training-productivity relationships (Dearden, Reed, & Van Reenen, 2006), this study underscores the importance of other dependent variables in measuring training success. This article used a survey research design that targeted the population of Spanish firms with at least 100 employees. Garcà ­a (2005) conducted a multi-sectoral study and used the services industry as a control group because its large population may skew the results of the survey (p. 1699). A postal survey was mailed to human resource managers of 420 firms in 1998, wherein 78 provided valid responses, which means that the study had a response rate of 18.57%. For data

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy An EIS study was carried out at different dc potentials in order to study the mechanism of ORR in O2 saturated alkaline solutions on prepared GDEs. The Nyquist plots of GDEs under different polarization potentials are shown in Fig. 5. The impedance diagrams show two different behaviors which depend on the applied dc potentials. In the other words, the shape of plots changed at different potentials, suggesting different electrochemical processes occurring on the electrode. The impedance spectra acquired at the potential lower than 0.7 V show one loop in the high frequency region associated with the time constant of a charge transfer process and semi-infinite diffusive manner related to Warburg component in the low frequency region. This semi-infinite diffusive character is related to the adsorption of reactants and intermediate products. The Nyquist plots of O2 reduction on GDEs at the E≠¥0.7 show two loops. The processes that could be involved on the electrode surface that would produce these changes include [37]: (1) Diffusion of O2 through the gas phase in the pores (of porous carbon supported catalyst) and the electrolyte to the reaction site. (2) Adsorption or heterogeneous surface reaction of the oxygen, together with oxygen diffusion. (3) Charge transfer. (4) Diffusion of reduction products into the bulk electrolyte Many reaction mechanisms have been proposed to describe ORR in aqueous electrolytes. Among these models, the Damjanovic model (Fig. 6) is one of the most extensively employed models, due to its applicability over a wide potential region. Damjanovic model describes the ORR as a multi-electron reaction which O2 molecules in the vicinity of the electrode are irreversibly reduced directly to H2O through 4-electron transfer (with a constant rate, k1) or to H2O2 through 2-electron transfer (constant rate, k2). The H2O2 formed can be reduced to H2O through 2-electron transfer (constant rate, k3) or diffuse into the bulk solution [38]. The ORR mechanism on transition metals has also been investigated by theoretical calculation based on the electronic structure [39-40]. The dissociative mechanism and the associative mechanism are proposed for a low current density range (more positive potentials) and a high current density range (more negative potentials), respectively [41]. Dissociative Mechanism (E≠¥0.7 V): In this mechanism, no H2O2 is produced. On a metal surface, O2 adsorption breaks the O-O bond and forms adsorbed atomic O, which further gains two electrons in the two consecutive steps, forming hydroxide ions. Since there is no adsorbed O2 on the catalyst surface, H2O2 cannot be formed. This mechanism can be considered a detailed form of the direct 4-electron pathway and can be written as follows: 1/2O2 + M(metal active sites) → O ºads (11) O ºads + e + H2O → OHads + OHaq (12) OHads + e → OHads → OHaq (13) Associative Mechanism (EË‚0.7 V): Since adsorbed O2 is present, the O-O bond may not be broken in the following steps, resulting in the formation of H2O2. The H2O2 could either be further reduced to H2O or be a final product. Therefore, the mechanism can be written as follows: O2,ads + 2H2O + 2e → H2O2 + 2OH (14) H2O2 + 2e → 2OH (15) The further reduction of H2O2(ads) to hydroxide ions occurs only once the enough overpotential has been reached and before the formed H2O2 diffuse into the bulk solution [41]. The two loop manner of GDEs in Nyquist plots may be related to two basic steps. On the other hand, for E ≠¥ 0.7 V, two time constants are detected during the impedance measurements (Fig. 5). The first time constant at high frequencies is associated with the charge transfer reaction according to Eq. 12, while the second may be associated with the further reduction of OHads to produce OH based Eq. 13. On the other hand, for EË‚0.7 V, the first time constant is related to H2O2 intermediate formation according to Eq. 14 and further semi-infinitive diffusive manner in the low frequency region can be explained by adsorption and diffusion of this intermediate into the bulk solution. In order to obtain quantitative information from impedance spectra in Fig. 5, two electric circuits were employed (Fig. 7). The electric circuit in Fig. 7a was used to simulate the impedance response of those spectra with OCP and E Using the equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 7, a constant phase element (CPE) is suggested instead of pure capacitance (C), due to the non-homogeneous surface of the electrodes. The impedance of CPE is defined as [Yo(jω)n]-1, where Yo is a constant with dimension (S.sn), while the exponent n denotes the correction factor pertaining to the roughness of the electrode and has values that range from 0 to 1. A pure capacitance yields n=1, a pure resistance yields n=0, while n=0.5 represents the ideal Warburg impedance. The true capacitance values can be calculated using the following equation [38]: C=[Yo Ãâ€" R (1-n)]1/n (14) According to equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 7, Rs is associated with the resistance of the solution, connectors, leads and wires. R1 is the charge transfer resistance of the reduction process from O2 to H2O2, R2 is the resistance of adsorbed species with H2O2 as the main intermediate or O2 adsorption into the GDE pores in the figure 7.a. The R1 and R2 circuit components in figure 7b are the charge transfer resistance of the reduction process of O ºads to OHads and the reduction process of OHads to OH, respectively. Parameters calculated from the equivalent circuits (Fig. 7) of O2 reduction on the GDEs are listed in Table 3. According to table 3, the Rs values change as a function of the potential, indicating that the contribution of the apparatus (connectors, leads and wires) from the total impedance of system shouldn’t be dismissed. So, the Rs values have a contribution function of both electrolyte and the apparatus resistance, i.e., connectors, leads and wires. R1 and R2 also show a dependence on the applied dc potentials (Fig. 8). By increasing the positive potential, the R1 values decrease. In the potential region of lower than 0.7 V, the adsorption of free O2 molecules happens on the metal catalyst and then O2,ads reduces to OHads (Eq.8). In the applied dc potential of E≠¥0.7 V, the adsorption of O ºads free radicals happens. By increasing the positive applied potentials, the adsorbed amount of O2,ads and O ºads increases and the further reduction process occurs more easily in the catalyst layer. So the R1 values will be decreased. The dependence of true capacitance values of the applied potentials is shown in Fig. 10. The adsorbed species enhancement by increasing the more positive potentials causes to decrease of C1 values. The R2 values for EË‚0.7 V are related to the adsorption of molecules like H2O2,ads into the GDE pores. When the potential is increased to more positive potentials, the adsorption of H2O2,ads spec ies by the oxygen atom orientation to the metal catalysts will be increased and R2 values became higher. In the potential region of E≠¥0.7 V, the OH,ads species which are reduced to OHaq, increase and charge transfer happens more easily. So the R2 values will be decreased. The C2 values also decrease because of more species adsorption (Fig. 10). Comparison of R values for GDEs shows that the Pt.Ru/C electrocatalyst has the lowest resistance in the whole range of applied dc potentials because of charge transferring occurring more easily and so ORR happens more rapidly at this electrocatalyst type. This behavior can be observed due to the synergistic effects of Pt and Ru catalyst species. The true capacitances of GDEs also show that the calculated of Pt.Ru/C and Ru/C electrocatalyst are higher than Pt.C ones. It is because the Ru species act as a protonic capacitor in the Pt.Ru/C and Ru/C GDEs. 3.5. Chronoamperometery The oxygen diffusion coefficients of GDEs were determined by chronoamperometry technique. Chronoamperograms were obtained by holding the potential of the electrodes at +1.2 V for 10 s and then holding it at +0.4 V relative to the Ag/AgCl electrode for 500 s with oxygen flowing along the electrolyte. With plotting i vs. t−1/2, the linear dependence relationship was obtained for different electrodes [42]: (16) Where I is the limited current, A the surface area of the electrode, D the diffusion coefficient, C the concentration of oxygen, n the number of electrons in the overall reaction of ORR, F the Faraday’s constant, t the time, and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is equal to 3.14. Fig. 11 shows the chronoamperograms of GDEs at +0.4V in relative to the Ag/AgCl in alkaline media. . Cottrell parameters are listed in Table 4, also. The results confirmed the higher Cottrell slope and D values for Pt.Ru/C electrode. So, the Pt.Ru/C cathode has more permeability and activity towards oxygen reduction reaction. Conclusion In this investigation, Pt/C, Ru/C and Pt.Ru/C bimetallic electrocatalysts were prepared by chemical reduction process. Then the resulted inks were coated on carbon paper and used as gas diffusion electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media. The surface structure of oxygen depolarized cathodes was studied by SEM and EDX analysis. The SEM results showed that all the cathodes consist of rough and porous structures. And Pt, Ru nanclusters were deposited quite uniformly onto/into Vulcan carbon supports with the average particle size of about 30-45 nm. The ORR activity of cathodes was evaluated in 0.1 M O2 saturated NaOH media. Comparison of cyclic voltamograms of Pt/C, Ru/C and Pt.Ru/C electrodes in O2 saturated solutions show that for Pt.Ru/C catalyst current increase induced by ORR is shifted towards more negative electrode potentials and only higher current values have been obtained within the ORR region. It can be concluded that the second metal addition has influenced the catalytic activity of electrocatalyst toward ORR. This matter can be related to synergistic effect, which is playing a critical role in ORR activity. The Pt.Ru/C cathodes showed lower Tafel slops and high current densities. An EIS study was carried out at different dc potentials in order to study the mechanism of ORR in O2 saturated alkalin e solutions on prepared GDEs. The Nyquist plots of GDEs under different polarization potentials show two different behaviors, suggesting different associative and dissociative electrochemical processes occurring on the electrode.

Hawthorne: An Inescapable Burden :: essays research papers fc

An Inescapable Burden   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A young boy’s parents did not get the opportunity to attend college and they divorced when he was only seven. His father was addicted to crack cocaine and his mother began to sell herself as a source of income. He was tossed back and forth between the two houses and used as a way for the two parents to get back at each other. As a result, this boy grew up to be a criminal and was thrown in jail for selling drugs for his father. This life of crime and debauchery was all that he knew. He constantly paid for the mistakes of his parents and his parents’ parents. This is a common event that has taken place in human society throughout time. Nathaniel Hawthorne recognized the fact that people have the burden of constantly dealing with the shortcomings and lack of opportunity that come with many mistakes that parents make. This theme and realization of Hawthorne’s is a prevalent theme in many of his stories. This theme and idea that one must pay for the mistakes of his o r her forefathers is displayed not only in Hawthorne’s own history but in his stories â€Å"Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter,† â€Å"The Birthmark,† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne had a family history which he was personally ashamed of. He was born in Salem Massachusetts in 1804 with the emotional burden of having a great-great grandfather that was the judge that presided over the Salem witch trials (Gollin 1). This man wrongfully convicted many women that were put to death as a result of his conviction. The blood of these women was on his hands and it was probably the thought in Hawthorne‘s mind that his ancestor did the devil’s work . This family history is most prominently displayed in his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† as Goodman faces similar internal conflict during his journey (Gray 90). Hawthorne thought that his sea captain father paid for these mistakes as he was killed on a voyage when Hawthorne was four years old (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† 259). Hawthorne could have conceived this idea directly from God’s own word. The Bible claims that God will inflict â€Å"punishment for their f ather’s wickedness on the children of those who hate [him] down to the third and fourth generation† (Exodus 20.5). Hawthorne’s own personal family history imbedded this theme in his own theologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This theme is displayed in Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"Dr.

Music in My Life

Music in my life Can you think of a day without music? We can hear music everywhere: in the streets and at home, over the radio and on TV, in the shops and in the parks. People all over the world are fond of music. They listen to music, they dance to music, they learn to play musical instruments. But what is music? Specialists explain that music isn't only a combination of pleasant sounds. There are a lot of different kinds of music. Some of them appeared long ago, and some are modern. For example, folk music appeared long ago, but it is still alive. There are many local performers, choirs and folk groups in Russia; but perhaps the most famous singer is Nadezhda Babkina. Folk songs are very tuneful and pleasant to listen to. Classical music is often associated with the music of the past. However, this style also includes music being written now, and we may speak of modern classical music. Rap is a modern musical style where the singer speaks or shouts the words in time to music with a steady beat. Such artist as Eminem or group House of Pain are leaders in this style. Tastes differ. So people's musical interests range from pop and rock music, which are extremely popular nowadays, especially among young people, to classical music and opera. When I have free time I listen to their records. I also like having background music while I am working. It's a pity that many young people like to listen only to modern music. As for me, I also enjoy listening to classical music. Classical music is always a complex of emotions. It gives me delight, pleasure and a sense of happiness. Not long ago I listened to the Polonez – Goodbye to the nature land, composed by Oginsky. This music is sad, but I like sad music too. The music I hate is heavy metal. I find it noisy and dreadful. Though some young people are fond of this style of music, it is not to everyone's taste. To my mind, music too loud can destroy our ears. I am indifferent to other styles of music. For example, I don't mind listening to jazz. Each generation has its own tastes. Music in My Life Music in my life Can you think of a day without music? We can hear music everywhere: in the streets and at home, over the radio and on TV, in the shops and in the parks. People all over the world are fond of music. They listen to music, they dance to music, they learn to play musical instruments. But what is music? Specialists explain that music isn't only a combination of pleasant sounds. There are a lot of different kinds of music. Some of them appeared long ago, and some are modern. For example, folk music appeared long ago, but it is still alive. There are many local performers, choirs and folk groups in Russia; but perhaps the most famous singer is Nadezhda Babkina. Folk songs are very tuneful and pleasant to listen to. Classical music is often associated with the music of the past. However, this style also includes music being written now, and we may speak of modern classical music. Rap is a modern musical style where the singer speaks or shouts the words in time to music with a steady beat. Such artist as Eminem or group House of Pain are leaders in this style. Tastes differ. So people's musical interests range from pop and rock music, which are extremely popular nowadays, especially among young people, to classical music and opera. When I have free time I listen to their records. I also like having background music while I am working. It's a pity that many young people like to listen only to modern music. As for me, I also enjoy listening to classical music. Classical music is always a complex of emotions. It gives me delight, pleasure and a sense of happiness. Not long ago I listened to the Polonez – Goodbye to the nature land, composed by Oginsky. This music is sad, but I like sad music too. The music I hate is heavy metal. I find it noisy and dreadful. Though some young people are fond of this style of music, it is not to everyone's taste. To my mind, music too loud can destroy our ears. I am indifferent to other styles of music. For example, I don't mind listening to jazz. Each generation has its own tastes.

Reflections on Transgender Essay

Before going to the transgender workshop, I have already had a mindset of gender stereotype and I have never thought of accepting the sexual minorities like trans and homosexual people. I was raised in a traditional and conservative family that my parents showed me that a man should be the head of the family because he is the breadwinner so all family members have to rely on him. On the other hand, a woman should always listen to her husband and stay at home to serve her husband and take care of the children. Family is the primary socializing agent that I learn how a family functions by observational learning. Moreover, I was taught in school that how girls and boys should behave without questioning the reason why I should behave like that. The formal, informal and hidden curriculum in school shaped my thought about gender. For instance, boys should be active and girls should be quiet in class. Socialized by family and school for a long time, I internalized the gender stereotype made by the culture of society so I admitted that I had a closed-mind before. I now understand why students are inculcated with this kind of gender stereotype. It is because capitalists want to maintain their power and heterosexual domination in a patriarchy society so they labeled the minority as abnormal. According to the conflict theory of Karl Marx, the education systems produce the ideology of gender stereotype so as to maintain and legitimate the base created by capitalists who control the means of production. I have learned to think in a critical manner because many of our mindsets are shaped by society. We have to question whether they are rational before accepting those thoughts. After attending the transgender workshop, I had a brief understanding about what transgender is. Transgender means that people identify themselves as another sex different from their biological sex. Their gender identity and gender expression are different from their biological sex and gender role constructed by society. For example, some of them are male at birth but they id entify themselves as female. We called them MtF (male to female) and another type is called FtM (female to male). Mainly, trans people are divided into two groups, the Crossdresser, who like to dress up as a different sex and the Transexual, who have undergone sex reassignment surgery. From the sharing of two trans people, Fei (a MtF) and Siu Keung(a  FtM), I know that being a trans person is tough because he or she has to face a lot of difficulty in daily life such as being questioned by family and friends as well as being discriminated against in society that make them have low self-esteem. Like Fei, he discovered that he liked a boy when he was in Form 3 or 4 and then his classmates humiliated him so he hated himself very much at that time and he even tried to commit suicide. I can see that peer is another socializing agent that affects our mindset of who we are and what we are supposed to behave. If we violate the expected behavior of society, we will be regarded as freak and abnormal. In order not to be isolated or labeled as abnormal, we follow the main stream and hide the side that what we actually are. Also, I can see that only the hegemonic masculinity is being accepted among people through Fei’s experience. He was once invited to a themed party a nd he wore a dress to go to the party. However, his friends asked him not to wear dress to come again. Feminine masculinity is not acceptable. Everything has its diversity but people tend to divide things into binary opposition. The one who owns power decides which character is the â€Å"right† and normal one and the other is regarded as â€Å"wrong† and abnormal. It is obviously a power struggle. Trans gender people are leading a difficult life. In Hong Kong, there are approximately 200-300 trans people (Leung, 2012). Many of them are like Fei that they have to behave â€Å"normal† in front of other people and they could only be the true self when they are alone. Trans people will also consider their behaviors as abnormal or even consider themselves as a psychopathy. As many of them are reluctant to find help, they are in lack of people to share their feelings that make them feel lonely and helpless. Some of them many even hurt their reproductive organs or commit suicide. Apart from the lacking in mental support, the institution in Hong Kong doesn’t provid e enough support for trans people. Until now, there is no law to protect trans people, as they are not included in the Sex Discrimination Ordinance. Only those who are judged to have Gender Identity Disorder can be protected under Disability Discrimination Ordinance. (Leung, 2012) Yet, in the mean time, trans people are labeled as disable as well as having mental disorder, which is another kind of discrimination. Also, health care system in Hong Kong is not comprehensive enough for trans people. At present, there are only two hospitals, which are Prince of Wales Hospital and the sex clinic in Castle  Peak Hospital, that provide transgender medical diagnostic services so trans people have to wait about seven weeks to see the doctor (Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients, 2013). Knowing what tough situation that the trans people are facing, I feel sympathy for them and I will now show my respect to trans people. I used to think that the Crossdresser was abnormal and disgusting. Now, I question why women can dress like men but men cannot dress like women. It is unfair to men that they will be criticized and discriminated against if they dress like women. Also, the media uses language to derogate the Crossdresser such as calling them ladyboy â€Å"ä º ºÃ¥ ¦â€"â€Å". Like Fei, he likes wearing dress since he was small but he has tried to throw away all his dresses as his mother and girlfriends did not accept that. It is hard for him not to be the one he wanted to be and he had spent years being the one he hated. I will consider crossdressing as a hobby of trans people because they just spend time on something they like to do. Also, we should not criticize their act because it does not do any harm on other people. In addition to the Crossdresser, transsexual people have to master up their courage to undergo sex reassignment surgery as it is not as easy as we think. In fact, it is a long process. They have to first get a referral letter from doctors, social workers or psychologists and they must pass the two-year mental and psychological evaluation process including living as another sex for one year. Next, they can be defined as gender identity disorder. After that, they are referred to public hospital to undergo surgery. In fact it is dangerous for them to undergo sex reassignment surgery, especially the FtM people. There is a high risk of injury in penile reconstructive surgery and the success rate is low. Also, they have to take hormones. According to some medical studies, there will be some long-term side effects of taking female hormones. For example, the risk of having breast cancer will be higher and the load of the liver will be increased (Transgender handbook, 2012). I appreciate their determination that they would rather sacrifice their health in order to be their true selves. As Goffman said, gender is something that an individual actively do, we can choose to be a man or a woman, as we like. In this post-modern age, queer theory suggested that gender is fluid. A picture of the genderbread person shows that there are more than eighty combinations that an individual can be. For example, she can be a female but identifying herself as a man  and she can express herself as androgynous and bei ng a bisexual. I know that when we do not understand an issue clearly, we have no right to criticize it. After knowing what transgender is, I choose to respect. We should be open-minded to accept the existence of diversity of gender in society or at least we should respect so that we all can live in a society with harmony. I have a friend who is a bisexual. I was once reluctant to befriend him. But now, I always show him my support and I am willing to listen to his difficulties in daily life to help him release stress. Also, I realized that I do not need to do something to fulfill what society expects me to do as a girl. For example, I do not need to be tender; I do not need to have long legs, big breasts or a slim body to impress men. I just have to be myself, which is unique. Work cited 1.Leung , J.(2012). Gossip boys and girls[Brochure]. Hong Kong: Transgender Resource Center. 2.Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients. (2013, October 9). Retrieved from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201310/09/P201310090465.htm3.Rainbow of Hong Kong. (2012). Transgender handbook[Brochure]. Retrieved from http://rainbowhk.org/tg/handbook-p.html

Free Essays on Tourette Syndrome

over and over again in their mind. ... Free Essays on Tourette Syndrome Free Essays on Tourette Syndrome What is Tourette’s syndrome? Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by tics. According to Bruun, Cohen, and Leckman (1984), â€Å"tics are involuntary, repetitive, and stereotyped movements of individual muscle groups†. Most disorders involving tics are divided into categories according to age of onset, duration of symptoms, and the presence of vocal or phonic tics in addition to motor tics. People with this disorder may have outbursts that are not intentional. Symptoms usually appear before the age of 18. Greene (2002), reported, â€Å"Tourette’s syndrome is named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette who first described the condition in 1885. Tics (involuntary, nonrhythmic movements) are the hallmark of the disease†. Symptoms can sometimes disappear for weeks or months and come back. Greene (2002), says, â€Å"Brain scans and EEG’s show differences in the brains of children with Tourette’s. These changes are influenced by genetics, by neurobiology , and by what is going on in the child’s life†. Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. (2000-2002) says, â€Å"Most people with TS lead productive lives and participate in all professions. Increased public understanding and tolerance of TS symptoms are important to people with Tourette syndrome†. Increased awareness on Tourette’s syndrome can help people understand the disease. What causes the disease? According to Greene (2002), â€Å"Tourette’s syndrome affects about one out of every 2,000 people. It occurs worldwide, in all ethnic groups, though it is most common among whites†. This condition is an inherited disorder that usually runs in families. Greene (2002) says, â€Å"It is three to four times more common in boys than in girls, and usually begins before age of 7. The classic symptoms of this disease are tics. The most common first symptom is a facial tic. An example of a facial tic is mouth twitching or rapidly blinking eyes. Other initial sig... Free Essays on Tourette Syndrome In 1885, a 28 year old neurologist, Georges Gilles de la Tourette came across a condition where the victims twitched and jerked uncontrollably. The people also cried out, grunted and in some cases, swore. (geocities 1) This syndrome would later be known as Tourette Syndrome. Today doctors diagnose Tourette Syndrome using the Diagnostic Service Manual. DSM-IV gives the criteria for Tourette Syndrome as follows: 1) both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at sometime during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. 2) The tics occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly everyday or intermittently throughout a period of one year, and during this period there was never a tic free period of more than three consecutive months. 3) The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. 4) The onset is before the age 18 years. 5) The disturbance is not due to direct psychological effects of a substance (e.g. stimulants) or a general medical condition (e.g. Huntington’s Disease or post viral encephalitis). There are many specific symptoms of Tourette Syndrome. Tourette Syndrome is diagnosed by â€Å" observing symptoms and by evaluating the history of onset.† (pbs 1) This syndrome is characterized by tics. Tics include involuntary, rapid or sudden movements or vocalizations that happen repeatedly in the same way. Four categories of tics exist for Tourette Syndrome. They are motor tics, vocal tics, mental tics, and breathing tics. Motor tics consist of eye blinking, head swaying and other similar movements. Vocal tics include, coughing, sniffing, clearing of the throat, grunting, or saying obscene words. Mental tics have recently been studied and added as a category. The sufferers often recite things in their mind repeatedly. They also may list things or think of certain words over and over again in their mind. ...

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example The mission statement for Audi Paper The mission statement for Audi Paper Audi is an internationally renowned manufacturer of high-quality cars.  We aim to establish new standards to substantiate our brand claim of Vorsprung durch technik.  The objective of a business can vary depending on what the business does.  E.g. Oxfams main objective is to raise money and the profit goes directly to helping poverty in third world countries. But an organisation like Audi AG will have there main objective to sell top of the range cars to all sorts of clientele and there profits goes straight back into the company. A mission statement gives an indication of what the purpose of the business and dovetails with the objectives the organisation sets itself.  Business objectives are medium to long-term goals or targets that provide a sense of direction to the business. For example in the case of Audi AG they might have an objective to boost Car sales from 20,000 to 30,000.  Companies may have a number of objectives. In general, the objectives pursued by a business tend to vary according to its size, ownership and legal structure. Small business are more likely to have survival as there main objective as they tend to lack the financial recourses to cope with adverse trading conditions.  Larger business will have maximising there profits as there main objectives, especially if they are a plc [public limited company] because they will have shareholders breathing down there neck wanting the highest possible return. These objectives will reflect purpose of the business as expressed in the mission statement and they have a considerable impact on the way in which it operates.Culture describes the values and beliefs of the people who make up an organisation. An organisations culture will be displayed in the attitudes of its staff and the ways in which they interact with other people such as customers, suppliers an colleagues. It will also be shown by the way that decisions are taken and in the management style used throughout the organisation. Role culture.  Many business have traditionally operated in a bureaucratic manner, relying upon agreed procedures and strict hierarchy and roles within the organisation.  Within these traditional or role cultures, employees are expected to behave conventionally. They are expected to follow the rules- individualism is discouraged.  Audi Ag are based on using this organisational culture. It benefits the larger companies such as Audi were there is a strict hierarchy as the table below shows. Person-oriented culture.  A person-oriented culture is characterised by a focus on fulfilling the needs of the individuals within an organisation. It allows individuals freedom to shape theire jobs and operate with a degree of independence.  It is therefore appropriate when employees are highly skilled and motivated. This type of culture may exist within organisations such as firms of accountants and solicitors. Power culture.  Power culture places considerable emphasis on personal charisma and  risk-taking. It disregards procedures and values entrepreneurship. This type of culture Is most common in small business, where a ingle person can have an overview of the entire organisation.  From this table we can see that roles are spread out so managers can concentrate on there specific job roles instead of putting a half hearted attempt in to there job because of the heavy work load.

The Best Way To Get Multiple Teams To Use CoSchedule

The Best Way To Get Multiple Teams To Use Even if youre the boss, making big changes still probably isnt easy. Anytime the status quo gets challenged, humans tend to resist. And this problem is even more acute when youre leading change among peer teams. Either way, if youre adopting as your new marketing management platform, Ill share some key moves you can make. They will make your transition more efficient, effective, and even exciting yep, you read that right. You can actually get your team excited about change with a few magical tactics 🔠® This post is for you if youd like to learn how to: Prepare for resistance to change to get quick team buy in. Align with *real* problems that need solved. Cast a clear vision of what new looks like to reduce anxiety and switching costs. And away we go Get Your Teams On Board With By Preparing For Resistance People resist change because we generally perceive it as discomfort. And we run from discomfort as fast as we can. (As long as its not too uncomfortable to run 🠏Æ'†Ã¢â„¢â‚¬Ã¯ ¸ )

Accounting Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting Scandal - Research Paper Example â€Å"In 2000, Enron donated $1.76 million to the presidential campaign of the Republican George W Bush† (Davis, 2007, p83). This showed an unhealthy connection between the public sector and the private sector and this came back to haunt the firm and attempt to tarnish the image of some public figures. Kenneth Lay, the chairman of the board of directors and founder of Enron contributed more to George Bushs campaign more than any other person. Although no evidence was found that proved that there was direct bribery from the staff and management of Enron to public officials, many of them were found guilty for their involvement in what became a scandal. This is mainly connected to the overrides of the reporting requirements and expectations that were put in place. Enron maintained a complicated account structure and there was the difficulty of external stakeholders to demand more information and transparency. The management therefore got away with a lot of issues that were unreported and the scandal was eventually exposed by a whistleblower who reported the issue and matter to the authorities for prompt action. Enron used very inappropriate and wrong methods and procedures to record its accounts. Due to the fact that the firm had an influence over the political arena, Enron was able to get away with a lot of its poor and negative accounting practices. Enron used various techniques to provide misleading reports and information about their trading position. Basically, they used the revenue model and this sought to record revenue only and did very little concerning other important and relevant aspects of reporting (Campbell, 2008). This is know as the â€Å"agent† and â€Å"merchant† models of accounting. To this end, Enron created a system through which they set up false and other puppet entities to act as their agents. In this quest, the â€Å"agents† signed contracts and undertook very risky ventures in the name of Enron. These

Comparison Of Love Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison Of Love Poems - Essay Example However, I would say that Ted Hughes had not succeeded in blotting out the unpleasant events. Overall, this poem examines their wedding day in retrospect, and I would say that this poem was a realization for everything that had happened that he probably never got to understand at that time. First off, he describes his plain outfit on his wedding day: â€Å"sole, drab, veteran RAF black†. This description of his clothes and the way he emphasized Sylvia’s outfit on this day (which was even made the title of the poem) seemed to show how contradicting their feelings were toward their own wedding. I cannot help but think that this poem shows that only one party was ecstatic at this event: only Sylvia. This is shown in the last two stanzas of the poem, which described the happiness that Ted Hughes saw in Sylvia Plath during their wedding. Clearly, he was aware of how much this wedding meant to his wife. This was evidently one of her happiest days despite the lack of a grand c elebration. However, for his part, the poet used strong words that suggest the feeling of being forced into getting married: exhausted, conscript, squeezed. Despite having a title that seems to convey sweetness and beauty, this poem for the most part, describes how their wedding was unlike any other wedding day. They did not really choose the location of their wedding, which would normally be one of the first considerations in wedding preparations. Next, they did not even have a wedding entourage, and they had to request the sexton, of all people, to be the ring-bearer. Finally, his family and friends did not even know that he was getting married. On the contrary, Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Wreath for a Bridal† is a magical recollection of their wedding day. Written in the same year as her wedding, the poem conjures images of beauty and nature. Perhaps despite the lack of preparations, Sylvia was personally convinced that she had the most beautiful wedding

Partition coefficient log p (scientific lab report) Essay

Partition coefficient log p (scientific lab report) - Essay Example Thru partition, coefficient was expressed with the concentration in the non-aqueous or lipophilic phase as the numerator. This was expressed in a formula â€Å"P = Coil / Cwater.† In that context, the drug’s absorption can be predicted using the partition coefficient. In logarithmic partition, coefficient values are calculated to determine the solute’s hydrophocity, lipophilicity and it’s anent absorbability. Since body membranes are usually impermeable to foreign ionic species, only un-ionized drug molecules can partition into the membrane. Hence, the lipophilicity correlates with the state of the drug including its acidity or pH level. Note that pH levels vary in all part of the body which implies that drugs partitioned in a specific part will also have diverse un-ionized states.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Partition coefficient’ also determines the acid dissociation constant or Ka. This can be calculated using the equation of Henderson-Hasselbalch where the  "product of hydrogen ion ([H+]) and ionized acid ([A-]) concentrations† is divided by the â€Å"concentration of unionized acid ([HA]). This formula is expressed with the following:  Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]   This experiment aims to determine the different pHs and degree of ionization affected the partition coefficient of salicylic acid. ... The combination such three equations would result to   1/P’ = 1/P + Ka/[H+]P   of which P is partition coefficient   Ka is dissociation constant   CO is total concentration in oil phase; and CW is total concentration in aqueous phase. Researchers will also obtain the â€Å"absorbance values† using different concentration of salicylic acid because this is relevant in setting a calibration curve and a graph to reflect the concentration in the aqueous phase. Moreover, a graph plotting 1/P’ against the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration (1/[H+]) yielded a line with an intercept of 1/P and a slope of Ka/P. Using the partition coefficient and the dissociation constant, the pKa was calculated.   Methodology This experiment comprised of two parts:  (a) determination of salicylate concentration to produce a calibration curve  and (b) salicylate concentration measured in solutions of four different pHs. a. Salicylate Concentration Determination to Produ ce a Calibration Curve   It aims to resolve the absorbance of salicylate solution at different concentrations to produce a calibration curve.  As part of the method, researcher will use five test tubes. Test Tube 1 will contain 6mL of water which will be used as the blank solution to keep the calorimeter at zero. Other test tubes will contain 5mL of water which is added to 2mL of ferric nitrate solution. Further, 1mL of different concentrations of salicylate was added to test tube 1; 0.00125M for test tube 2; 0.0025M for test tube 3; 0.00375M for test tube 4; and 0.005M for test tube 5. With calorimeter set at a wavelength of 624nm, the absorbance of each test tube of salicylate solution was determined by pouring solution in cuvettes and inserting them into the calorimeter. Data

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Essay

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - Essay Example The founding statute of OPEC in 1960 highlights its purpose as being geared to ensuring stability in the petroleum market with â€Å"steady supplies to consumers, reasonable prices and fair returns to investors in the oil industry† (www.opec.org/home). As far as supplies to consumers, a central mechanism deployed by OPEC to stabilize the market is limit the oil output by Member countries, however recently OPEC has expressed concern at the impact of national taxation as a factor in oil pricing. Therefore, while OPEC central aim is to combat cartels and monopolistic pricing in the oil industry, it is submitted that the role of OPEC is somewhat limited by the interrelationship of other factors, particularly governmental and local infrastructure. Indeed, Asali (2008) acknowledges that â€Å"structural changes in petroleum markets and its pricing systems in the last decades and increasing exposure of the financial markets to international oil trade have contributed to the growing complexity of oil market dynamics and volatility of its prices† (p.54). It is precisely this inherent complexity in the market prices that has fuelled polarised debate regarding OPEC’s policies in stabilising the market to achieve economic efficiency. For example, somewhat ironically, OPEC attempts to stabilise oil prices, however its very nature arguably operates as a cartel. This proposition is further supported by the arguments of Grossman (2004) who comments that: â€Å"whilst some scholars have questioned whether OPEC, an organization of countries not firms, should be thought of as a cartel at all, there is no doubt that it represented a collusive agreement that at times was clearly able to rise prices and control output† (p.1). This in turn clearly has ramifications for how a business operates within the oil market and the focus of this research paper is to critically evaluate how OPEC

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity Essay

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity - Essay Example Therefore communication and ones sense of identity are two interrelated concepts. People can’t live without communication with each other, it is impossible not to talk to other people, not to share information. A sense of identity is a certain filter that helps to structure and organize information and communicative strategies relevant to an individual: â€Å"The concepts and information relevant to the self also have an instrumental influence on decisions to pursue particular goals† (Sense of Identity). In its turn, communication is a certain measurement of individual’s sense of identity. Individuals’ sense of identity varies; therefore it is natural that every performer of a certain social role communicates in a different manner. For example, self-assured individuals are more direct and energetic communicants. Uncertain individuals are more tolerant or even passive communicants in comparison with the active communicants mentioned above. This observation can be explained in the following way: the society imposes its social roles on individuals; social stereotypes make every individual to perceive another with regard to the social role he plays. Consequently, a process of communication reflects the way individuals perceive themselves (i.e. their sense of identity), the way individuals perceive each other: in the process of communication â€Å"we learn how others see us, and we internalize many views of the world and of who we are and should be† (Communication and personal identity). Nevertheless, there are basic principles of successful communication. These are: attentive and valuable attention paid to an interlocutor; respect, courtesy and patience. Basically, if to comply with these basic principles, then sense of identity of every interlocutor won’t decrease. Vice versa, in the process of a favorable communication the assessment of self-identity of any communicator is increased (Communication and personal identity). The easiest way to trace the connection between self-identity and communication is to consider it in practice. The clearest example is daily communication with our family members. The opinion of the closest relatives, of our beloved people influence the way we consider ourselves. This communication takes place from the first days of our life and forms our first identity, so it is very important and essential. In the paradigm of the following concepts we’ll consider this interrelation: direct definition, identity scripts and attachment styles. Direct definition is the way our family members ‘label’ us (little boy, a big girl etc). Parents’ gender roles are usually transferred to their children. Thus, what children value in future depends on values imposed on them by their parents in their childhood. Identity scripts are â€Å"rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be† (Communication and personal identity). Family values and heritage are reflected in identity scripts. They are transferred to children in the process of communication and thus a sense of identity is pre-shaped in identity scripts. The last concept is attachment styles. This concept implies the way parents impose on us how to treat and relate to others. Generally, a child develops a sense of a positive sense of self-worth (Communication and personal identity). Therefore communication and sense of identity are two related concepts. Communication represents a certain measurement of

Children's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children's rights - Essay Example Despite the fact that politics takes a central place in deciding which way children rights take in given nations, it has always reeled against the lack of consensus among stakeholders marginalising political science in discussions of children rights as Beetham (1995:1) observes. As Forsythe (1991: 174) postulates, a significant majority of political scientists do not contend the perception that children rights and human rights in general are critical aspects of international relations. According to Lukes (1993:20), there are very peculiar trends that register in children rights assessments; among them is the prevalent characteristic where virtually nobody rejects the promotion of the idea of preservation of children rights yet reports of abuses of children are wrought in news agencies. One aspect worth noticing is the inverse relationship between the high political will to promote human rights and the waning philosophical commitment. Primarily, philosophy has been conspicuously scept ical about the idea of human rights with its undesirable ontological status of human rights and more specifically children rights. Conservatives that constituted the French aristocracy, as Burke (1964:25) observes, contended that astute human rights and thus children rights could only prosper on a platform of distinctive state cultural frameworks enshrined in the nation’s legal framework which form the basis for their formation and as such their appropriateness. The United Nations Children’s Fund with its endeavour entrenched in the Convention on the rights of the child is the pioneer penal code that spells the broad diversity of the rights that individuals are entitled to throughout the world. These rights vary from person to person and constitute civil, economic as well as social together with political and cultural ones. The differing needs that characterise adult needs when compared to children’s were the motivation

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity Essay

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity - Essay Example Therefore communication and ones sense of identity are two interrelated concepts. People can’t live without communication with each other, it is impossible not to talk to other people, not to share information. A sense of identity is a certain filter that helps to structure and organize information and communicative strategies relevant to an individual: â€Å"The concepts and information relevant to the self also have an instrumental influence on decisions to pursue particular goals† (Sense of Identity). In its turn, communication is a certain measurement of individual’s sense of identity. Individuals’ sense of identity varies; therefore it is natural that every performer of a certain social role communicates in a different manner. For example, self-assured individuals are more direct and energetic communicants. Uncertain individuals are more tolerant or even passive communicants in comparison with the active communicants mentioned above. This observation can be explained in the following way: the society imposes its social roles on individuals; social stereotypes make every individual to perceive another with regard to the social role he plays. Consequently, a process of communication reflects the way individuals perceive themselves (i.e. their sense of identity), the way individuals perceive each other: in the process of communication â€Å"we learn how others see us, and we internalize many views of the world and of who we are and should be† (Communication and personal identity). Nevertheless, there are basic principles of successful communication. These are: attentive and valuable attention paid to an interlocutor; respect, courtesy and patience. Basically, if to comply with these basic principles, then sense of identity of every interlocutor won’t decrease. Vice versa, in the process of a favorable communication the assessment of self-identity of any communicator is increased (Communication and personal identity). The easiest way to trace the connection between self-identity and communication is to consider it in practice. The clearest example is daily communication with our family members. The opinion of the closest relatives, of our beloved people influence the way we consider ourselves. This communication takes place from the first days of our life and forms our first identity, so it is very important and essential. In the paradigm of the following concepts we’ll consider this interrelation: direct definition, identity scripts and attachment styles. Direct definition is the way our family members ‘label’ us (little boy, a big girl etc). Parents’ gender roles are usually transferred to their children. Thus, what children value in future depends on values imposed on them by their parents in their childhood. Identity scripts are â€Å"rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be† (Communication and personal identity). Family values and heritage are reflected in identity scripts. They are transferred to children in the process of communication and thus a sense of identity is pre-shaped in identity scripts. The last concept is attachment styles. This concept implies the way parents impose on us how to treat and relate to others. Generally, a child develops a sense of a positive sense of self-worth (Communication and personal identity). Therefore communication and sense of identity are two related concepts. Communication represents a certain measurement of

Wine Industry Essay Example for Free

Wine Industry Essay The analysis provides information on the two international wine brands (Banrock Station and Bordeaux) that from different kinds of world wine producers, New World and Old World, enter into the same market of the United Kingdom. Also, this report analysis why these wine corporations go to oversea, why choose England, and how achieve success in England applying Global-Local Model to judge which strategy the companies adopt. In addition, this report focusing on marketing. Banrock Station expands global market because of the saturate Australian wine market. The report apply the product lifecycle to explain this, and apply the object, strategy and tactic model to analysis why Bordeaux wine export internationally and why expand wine market in England in order to improve the consumption by volume and value terms and increase profits. Then, this report also explain the reasons why Banrock Station choose British market by PESTEL model, and analysis political, economic and law aspects in detail. Banrock Station Company focuses on the innovation which involves conservation projects and Eco-mate packaging to sustain its competitive advantages. Nevertheless, Bordeaux wine choose standardize more than adapt in two specific areas: promotion and product. 1. Introduction . The worldwide wine industry is divided into two parts: Old world and new world. Old world wineries are Characterised by long-established and relatively unchanging methods and location of wine production mentioned by Glenn and John (2009). France, England, Italy, Germany belong to Old World wineries. On the contrary, the New World wineries appreciate new technology and non-natural chemicals. Australia, New Zealand, North America, South Africa, Chile and Argentina are named New World wine makers (Anderson, 2003). Banrock Station is located in Kingston-on Murray, in South Australia. Banrock Station was set up in 1994, as one part of Hardy Wine Company (Natures a big winner at the station, 2005). The property of the company includes approximately 1,068 hectares of floodplain and wetland, as well as 307 hectares of woodland buffer. Today, Banrock Station, not only is one of the most well-liked brands in Australia, but also is the label which is growing fast in the United Kingdom. In addition, this company exports wines to more than 50 countries in the world, such as the United States of America, Italy, Canada, Japan, France, Spain and China. Bordeaux wine is a global brand from France. In the Bordeaux vineyard, there are 60 Appellation dOrigine Controlee (AOC), which is judged the largest French A. O. C wine region. Bordeaux wine comprises numerous popular wine brand, for instance, Malbec, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Semillion. Each Bordeaux wine has its own character. Blending drives persistent flavour and overall quality. In the case of aromas, hundreds of active molecules in the wine interact during the blending process to create a new wine with a complexity, delicacy, and richness that surpass by far the simple addition of the characteristics of each of the assembled wines (http://www. bordeaux.com). 2. The Reason for going oversea and entering British wine market Now, Australia has been the fourth largest nation exporting wine, followed by France, Italy, Spain, and the UK is the biggest nation where Australian wine export (Australian wines in the British Wine Market, 2004). As seen from the graph 1 of the Product Lifecycle, in 2007, the Australian wine market go into maturity stage. Consequently, the Australian wine corporations are all face this problem, of course, including Banrock Station. First of all, it confronts fierce competition in domestic market, because there are over 60 regions producing wine, for instance, Barossa Valley and Eden Valley in South Australia, Hunter Valley and Cowra in New South Wales, Granite Belt and South Burnett in Queensland, Derent Valley and Coal River Valley in Tasmania, Goulburn Valley and Geelong in Victoria, and Blackwood Valley and Peel in Western Australia (A+ Australian Wine, 2011). In addition, the competitors come from other countries also effect the Banrock Stations sales, such as Constellation Brands from America, Malivoire Wine Company from Canada, Bordeaux Wine from France, Tenuta Monte Rosola from Italy, and Esteban Martin from Span. France is a well-known wine country in the world. According to the report named Wine in France (2010, 2007), in 2006, The French wine market grow by 1. 6% to reach a value of $35. 1 billion, in contrast, this market just grow by 0. 2% in 2009, these statistics show the growth of French wine market is very slow. Therefore, for the local companies, the space of development is small and it is also difficult to increase the companies consumption and income. In addition, both domestic and global market, New World wineries have pounded the French wine (Superleague bouquet, 2003). Because of this and France is considered to the empire of wine by the consumers worldwide, the competition in France is very intensive. In terms of global wine trade, the percentage of New World wine has increased from nearly 5% to exceed 28% during last 2 decades (Rothfield and Wittwer, 2008; IWSR, 2008). This paragraph apply PESTEL model to explain why Banrock Station Company and Bordeaux wine entry to Great Britain. For Australia and France, England, as one of the largest wine market, is keeping stable developing. In 2003, the Great British wine market went up by 2. 9%, reaching a value of about $10 billion, and this raised by 3. 1%, achieving a value of nearly $11 billion(wine in the United Kingdom, 2004 2010). The industry profile of wine in the United Kingdom (2010, May) reports that thanks to the undesirable climate for planting grapes, although there are few vineyards in the country, the United Kingdom imports the mass majority of wine from foreign wine makers. In 2003, the wineries in the UK produced only 10. 20% of the market share in their own country (Wine in the United Kingdom, 2004). By comparison, there is few things agitating by French and Australian wine makers toward nature climate and soil where grows vine (Unleash the war on terroir, 2007). Also, the stable economic and political regulatory environment and the government policy of generally opening to the trade and investment contribute to building a really low risk environment to do business and low barriers to entry this wine market throughout England. In France, however, the government has imposed a ban on oversea takeover bid for the companies. Besides, the Risks to Realization of Potential Returns rating refers to how risky an investment in the food and drink industry of the country is, according to Business Environment illustrated. The Risks to Realization of Potential Returns rating of the UK is higher than France (United Kingdom Food Drink Report, 2009). As a result, it is much easier and more safe to enter British market than in France for Australian companies. In the 1970s, the new laws give the local England supermarkets the rights to sell wine; this increase the consumption of oversea wines in Great Britain, especially the New World wines (Anderson, 2003). For example, it is legendary that, since 1960, the per capital wine consumption of Australia has grown up twice every decade in the British wine market (Rothfield and Wittwer, 2008). 3. Strategy analysis. 3. 1 Innovation of Banrock Station in Great Britain Compare to other wine companies, like Jacobs Creek and Nottage Hill, Banrock Station is a special one, because it not only is a wine maker, but also has a responsibility for ecological conservation. The Good Earth, Fine Wine is Banrock Station slogan (www. banrockstation. com), and this perfectly contains this companys two essential commitments: one is the contribution to the sustainable environment, for example, one of the conversation projects is named Eden project cooperated with the UK tell everyone how people can make contribution to protecting environment everydady (www.edenproject. com), the other one is the production of good quality wines. The core of companys promotion activity is donating conservation works. According to Pritchard Chris, the company announced Banrock Station has contributed A$1 million (C$880,000) to preserving and rehabilitating the wetlands all over the world, recently, and supporting a information centre for the Wild Bird Trust of British Columbia to organize and manage the data of avian, which is a perfect evidence. According to the journal article of Charity alliances reap rewards, Banrocks ? 125,000 sponsorship has financed wetland rehabilitation and exhibits at WWT Centres, as well as 10% of the costs of monitoring and maintaining 1700 hectares of wetlands in the UK. These help Banrock Station to reap the reward and enhance the image of the brand from both old consumers and potential consumers, for instance, as a grocery brand, Banrock Station has become the sixth fastest expending in the Great British (Charity alliances reap rewards, 2002). Rebecca Hopkins who is a spokesperson of Banrock Station, states We have successfully positioned ourselves as a brand that cares about the environment, and it is obvious that people like that. The corporation has involved in nearly 100 conservation projects throughout the world, this is real evidence, not just talking (Pritchard, 2002). To be an environmentally friendly business is wise means to increasing the reputation of the company. Moreover, Banrock Station Company focuses on the high-technology, as a New World winery. Today, Banrock Station uses Eco-Mate which is a new environmental package. There is an increasing number of customers concentrating on convenience. Therefore, the predominant character of EcoMate is convenient means it is easily to squeeze out the air and retain wines or other things (such as fruits and vegetables) fresh, lighter as well as, because of its weight is only 1033 grams, compare to a liter of bottled wine, is 60% lighter. Because of this, it is helpful to reduce the cost of package and transport cost. When the cost is down, Banrock Station can easier to maintain competitiveness. In addition, it is 100 percent recyclable and is totally made of renewable materials. According to Miriam Leenders, who is the Global Marketing Manager of Banrock Station, the company is focus on the environmental conservation projects. As well as he claims, It was a natural progression to give our customers the choice to buy our wine in an enviro-pack(Ecomate makes Banrock Station even leaner and greener). 3. 2 Standardization of Bordeaux wine in Great Britain From the graph 2, it can be know that Bordeaux wine adopt cost leadership strategy, and standardize more than adapt in th UK. This part discuss why Bordeaux wine like to standardization in British market, particularly in two parts of marketing mix: promotion and product. Firstly, looking at the promotion. As Bordeaux wine is positioned internationally a luxury wine brand, it is considered an expensive wine by both French and British customers. What is more, there are three main distribution channels in France, which are supermarket and hypermarkets (with 49. 10% of market share by volume in 2009), on-trade channel (with 32. 70% of market share by volume in 2009), and specialist retailers, at 14. 3% (Wine in France, 2010). The story of distribution channel in British wine market is similar to the Frances. Meanwhile, the leader of distribution channel of that is also supermarket and hypermarkets, presenting 48. 10% of market volume. On-trade channel accounts for 18. 70% share of total volume, which followed by the specialist retailers, with 23. 60% share (Wine in the United Kingdom, 2010). Thanks to the similar product position and distribution channel between France and Great Britain, it can save cost of promoting products if standardize the promotion strategy, although there is a few of difference between them. Move to product of marketing mix, Old World constraints of strictly controlled appellations and wine making practices, Anderson (2003) says, in comparison, New world producer are free from this (like Banrock Station). As a consequence, it is more difficult to meet customer need for Bordeaux wine. Standardization of product is the direct and good way to save cost because the company can use same machines and employ same kind of works. These reasons contributing to Bordeaux wine export same wine products to the UK market. 4. Recommendation Facing lots of competitor, for Banrock Station, it is wise to make whites and reds go green which means the company focuses on environmental achievement and corporation social responsibility, this influenced by the Australian business guide which is Green is gold and has succeeded far beyond expectations for the brand, especially ture in Australia. Innovating EcoMate package is a good example. Because of this, the company sets up an environmentally friendly example among consumers, which will also add value the products and increase the brand reputation. A simple SWOT analysis gives the information that one of the strengths of Bordeaux wine is its brand (Stuart and Smith). Being an Old World wine producer, Bordeaux wine has a long history of making wine and has a good reputation. Therefore, Bordeaux wine can maximum the strength, such as in the package, make the brand name bright to attract consumers, then achieve more profit. In order to counter the growth of Old World, it is the time to give up the age -old production methods (Carol, 2010). References: Anderson, K. (2003). Wines New World. Foreign Policy, 136, 46-54. Australian wines in the British Wine Market: A Hedonic Price Analysis. (2004). Retrieved from http://0-web. ebscohost. com. library. newcastle. edu. au/ehost/resultsadvanced? sid=79c09e98-6add-4a64-ab77-252566211746%40sessionmgr4vid=5hid=15bquery=(UK)+and+(wine)+and+(supermarket)bdata=JmRiPWJ0aCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl A+ Australian Wine. (2011). Wine Regions. Retrieved from http://www. apluswines. com/en/wine-regions. aspx Charity alliances reap rewards. (2002,July 18). Marketing (00253650). Carol, M. (2007, April, 9). Bordeaux goes to the lab. Business Week (00077135) Ecomate makes Banrock Station even leaner and greener. (2008, Apirl). Food Magazine, p. 18. Glenn, B. John, O. (2009). Old World, New World, Third World? Reconceptualising the Worlds of Wine. Journal of Wine Research, 2010, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 57-75. Natures a big winner at the station. (2005, September 18). Sunday Mail, p. 103. Retrieved from http://0-web. ebscohost. com. library. newcastle. edu. au/ehost/detail? vid=36hid=113sid=1c156dcb-29d5-435c-ad42-1c5c046f5289%40sessionmgr114bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=n5hAN=200509181103212317. Pritchard, C. (2002 September). Making whites and reds go green. Marketing Magazine. p. 8. Rothfield, J. Wittwer, G. (2008). The Global Wine Statistical Compendium: 1961-2006, 4th ed, Australian Wine and Brand Corporation, Adelaide. Superleague bouquet (2003, July, 5). Economist, Vol. 368. Stuar, L. Smith,C. E. The Use of Quality and Reputation Indicators by Consumers: The Case of Bordeaux Wine. Unleash the war on terroir. (2007). Location: Economist Newspaper Limited Retrieved from http://0-web. ebscohost. com. library.newcastle. edu. au/ehost/detail? vid=11hid=11sid=412a3b9c-0ef9-4af5-9cf1-e84a85269894%40sessionmgr12bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=28033497 United Kingdom Food Drink Report. (2009). Location: Business Monitor International Ltd. Wine in the United Kingdom. (2004, October). Datamoniter: Wine Industry Profile. Wine in the United Kingdom. (2010, May). Datamoniter: Wine Industry Profile. Wine in France. (2010, May). Datamoniter: Wine Industry Profile.

The Changes of Market Shares for the Local Cars

The Changes of Market Shares for the Local Cars The local car market in Malaysia consists of local car manufacturers and companies that joint-venture with foreign company like Tan Chong and Datsun from Japan. The two main local car manufacturers are Proton and Perodua. Before the financial crisis in Malaysia at 1998, Proton was the leader in the local car market. Proton has the highest sales of cars than other car manufacturers. However, after the financial crisis, Perodua managed to take over the leadership in local car market. The main reason is Perodua has launched many new models as compared to Proton. The after-sales service by car manufacturer like Perodua was much better than Proton. The replacement parts for Proton is very far expensive than Perodua. Perodua also reduces their car prices to attract more buyers. Besides all these changes, the prices for the joint-venture cars are very expensive due to high sales tax and import duty. Currently, the sales tax is coming down for all the cars including local and foreign cars. T he joint-venture cars are expensive in Malaysia because they are considered as foreign cars and the government wants to encourage more local people to buy local cars. The local cars qualities are not par with the foreign cars. The new car buyers will look at the quality first before buying them. Lately, the car industries are very competitive because the foreign joint-ventures provide many new schemes to attract new car buyers. For example, they introduce the low interest financing which provide high loan and low interest rate. They want to attract more middle-income groups to buy their cars. The interest rate for national cars like Proton is higher than the non-national cars like Honda and Nissan. Even though the interest rate for national cars is high, the lower or middle income groups are likely to buy national cars. The main reason is the price for national cars are cheaper than the non-national cars. The EON Bank Bhd hire-purchase officer stated that: the banks revised interest rates for new non-national cars were 3.5% (5 year tenure), 4% (7-year) and 3.85% (9-year) while the rates for national cars now stood at 3.85% (5-year tenure), 4% (7-year) and 4.10% (9-year) (Yvonne Tan Eugene Mahalingam 2010, para. 6,7). For example, a proton car cost about RM 80,000 and the interest rate is 3.85% per annum. The new car buyer has to pay an interest of RM 3080. In contrast, a BMW car worth RM 300,000 and the interest rate is 3.5% per annum. The new car buyer has to pay RM 10,500 for interest. If a car buyer chooses to buy BMW, he or she has to pay an extra of RM 7420 of interest. The interest for both cars differs greatly because the price for both cars is totally different. The market shares among the local car manufacturers are divided when the new models from the joint-venture companies like Toyota and Nissan emerged into local car market. The table above shows the sales and production of passenger cars for the year of 2002 and 2003. For the year of 2002 and 2003, Proton maintained the leadership in the local car market. However, there was a decline in their sales volume from 214,373 units in 2002 to 155420 units in 2003 and their market shares fell from 59.6% to 48.6%. On the other hand, Perodua remained at the second position in the local car market. Peroduas sales volume fell from 114,265 units in 2002 to 111798 units in 2003 but their market shares rose from 31.7% to 35%. The new foreign cars like Toyota, Honda and Nissan have less market share in the local car market. The main reason is foreign cars price is much higher than the local cars like Proton and Perodua. Table 2 shows the analysis-by makes and segment for passenger vehicles. Before 2004, Proton has the largest market share in the local car market but after a few years, Perodua has overtaken Proton as the leader in the car sales. In 2008, Perodua managed to sell 167,392 units as compared to Proton that only sold 141,782 units. The market share for Perodua which is 33.6% is higher than Proton market share, 28.5%. The sales volume for Perodua increases from 166,735 units in 2009 to 188,641 units in 2010. The market share also rises from 34.3% to 34.7%. People like to buy Perodua cars because Perodua has better quality of model like Myvi. On the other hand, Protons sales volume increases from 141,782 units in 2008 to 147,744 units in 2009 and to 156,960 units in 2010. The market share for Proton cars rises from 28.5% in 2008 to 30.4% in 2009 but fell from 30.4% in 2009 to 28.9% in 2010. This drastic change happens because Proton cars are old-fashioned and Proton didnt change the model of the car but only modified them. Peroduas after-sales service is better than Protons after-sales service. It is always cheaper to maintain a Perodua car than a Proton car. The spare parts for Proton cars are expensive as compared to Perodua and the parts are in poor quality. The other foreign car like Honda increased their sales volume and market share in the local market. The sales volume for Toyota fell from 87,416 units in 2008 to 65,744 units in 2009 but increased to 71,065 units in 2010. The market share also fell from 17.6% in 2008 to 13.5% in 2009 and to 13.1% in 2010. Normally, the new car buyers will choose to buy national cars as the cars are cheaper than foreign cars. People cannot afford to buy the foreign cars because foreign cars double the price of national cars like Proton and Perodua. Besides this, the resale value for foreign cars is much higher than the local manufactured cars. Reasons for the Changes to the Local Car Market The two main reasons for the changes to the local car market are sales tax and excise duty and Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA). Sales tax is a single stage tax imposed at the import or manufacturing levels. (Taxation, 2011) All the buyers need to pay sales tax and excise duty for all vehicles whether is local manufactured or foreign assembled. The car buyers need to pay more if they buy foreign cars like Toyota, Honda and Nissan. Raslan Sharif (2011, p.49) noted these taxes are a source of considerable revenue for the Government as about 500,000 vehicles are sold every year in Malaysia. If the foreign car is too expensive, the new car buyers will prefer to buy local cars as they are cheaper and no import duties. For example, the original cost of a Honda car is RM 53,000, however, because of sales tax and excise duty, the Honda car has increased the price to RM 93,000. The new car buyer has to pay an extra of RM 40,000 for a Honda car. The price of a Toyota Vios in Malaysia is about RM 8 3,000 but in Thailand the car only costs for RM 43,000. Sales tax and excise duty can affect the sales of local cars or foreign cars. The Malaysian Insider stated that: Malaysians were currently paying eye-watering excise duties of between 65 to 105 per cent on top of 10 per cent in sales tax. (Lee Wei Lian, 2011) Sales tax and excise duty also decrease the quantity traded for local cars in the local car market. Excise duty is a type of tax that imposed on buyers. Excise duties are levied on selected products manufactured in Malaysia, namely cigarettes, tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, playing cards, mahjong tiles and motor vehicles. (Excise Duty, 2011) Excise duty is an ad valorem tax levied on manufacture, sale, or use of locally produced goods. (Excise duty, Business Dictionary.com) Initially, the diagram above represents the demand and supply for the local cars. D0 is the initial demand for local cars and S0 represents the supply of the local cars. D0 and S0 are intersecting at point e0. The equilibrium price is P0 and the quantity traded for local cars is Q0. The supply of local cars shifts to the left from S0 to S1. The price of the local cars increases from P0 to P1. The quantity traded for local cars also decreases from Q0 to Q1. When the new car buyers know there is an increase in the price for local cars, they will not buy them. Eventually, the demand curve shifts to the left from D0 to D1. The quantity traded for local cars decreases from Q1 to Q2 and the price of the local cars become uncertain. Apart from sales tax and excise duty, the Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) also contributes to the changes for the local car market. The sales tax and excise duty is coming down because of Asean Free Trade Area(AFTA). AFTA is a collective effort by ASEAN member countries to reduce or eliminate tariffs on intra-ASEAN trade in the goods sector. (Introduction, miti.gov.my) If there is no reduction in sales tax and excise duty, those investors would not want to invest in Malaysia and Malaysias local cars like Proton and Perodua cars cannot sell to other countries. Malaysias excise duty is much higher than other asean countries like Thailand and Indonesia. People would not want to buy Malaysias cars as their own countries cars have better quality and cheap. Conclusion In conclusion, there are a few changes to the local car market. Perodua has taken over the leadership from Proton in the local car market. The sales of the Perodua are better than Proton because Peroduas car is cheap and has better after-sales service. The car industries in Malaysia are competitive as more people are able to buy foreign cars. In my opinion, Malaysians mostly will choose foreign cars if they can afford to buy a foreign car. If they are in the low or middle-level income group, they would probably choose Peroduas car as their first choice. Proton cars have more car problems and in poor quality than Perodua cars. People would buy foreign cars as they would not depreciate much when compared to local cars. The resale value for local cars like Perodua and Proton are low too. Foreign cars are expensive because of the high taxation on foreign cars. I think that the government have high taxation on foreign cars in order to protect Proton. People have lost confidence on Proton cars as the model is lousy and the spare parts are expensive than other local cars like Perodua.

Alzheimers Disease, Nursing Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Nursing Care and Understanding of Alzheimer Disease Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of memory, forgetfulness, personal change, even death, are common related disorders caused by a disease called Dementia or better known to most people as Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States in persons 65 and older. Alzheimer’s disease is, named for the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first recognized the disease in 1907; Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration of mental functioning. Nursing plays a major role in the care for patients who have Alzheimer’s disease during the three stages of the disease. The majority of Alzheimer’s patients are cared for at home by nursing caregivers or in a nursing home facility. Impact on Today’s World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the many illnesses know today, Alzheimer’s has an effect not only on the patient but on the caregiver or nurse as well. Many journal articles, papers, and books discuss the impact on the role of the nurse and the Alzheimer’s patient. These articles show that over time the impact of this disease puts the nurse out of his or her homeostasis. Through the process of the disease the ability to control and maintain ones self stability is somewhat overwhelming and can lead to depression of the nurse caring for the patient in most cases. Depression and frustration usually comes from the fact that the Alzheimer’s patient’s mental and physical health is gradually dwindling away, and the caregiver or nurse feels helpless. This helplessness comes from the fact that the nurse or caregiver is showing care, compassion, and using all the knowledge he or she has, yet the nurse sees little to no progress in the person because the disease process is ta king over. â€Å"One caregiver described the disease as being a long journey in which the undeniable end is death, no fixed route, and no estimated time of departure† (Morton, 2003 p.262). Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nursing is the art of caring. Nursing is a profession because it requires an education in order to give the patient the care he or she needs. Nursing is giving of your self to help others in need of care. In nursing you are always learning, and through education you enhance your abilities to give the highest quality of care. Nursing education enhances t... ...responsible for his actions or emotions. People today and in the future generations look toward great medical miracles along with an increased life expectancy but with all great achievements their will be failure and success. Point being for every cure or medicine there will always be the need for nursing and the loving care that goes along with it. References Bren L. (2003 Jul-Aug). â€Å"Alzheimer's: searching for a cure†. FDA Consumer. 37(4):18-25. Harris, D. (1990). Sociology of Aging. New York, NY. Harper & Row Press. Martindale-Adams, J., Nichols, L., Burns, B., & Malone, C. (2002). Telephone support  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  groups: A lifeline for isolated Alzheimers Disease caregivers. Alzheimer’s Care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarterly 2002, 3(2), 181-189. Morton, L. (2003). Psychological journey of an Alzheimer’s caregiver. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly 2003, 4(4), 262-268. Reisburg, B. & Harvey, R. (2002). Drug slows advanced Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 348,1334. Smith, G. B. (2002). Case management guideline: Alzheimer Disease and other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dementias. Nursing Case Management, 7(2), 77-84.

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake Colonists Essay -- essays pap

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake Colonists The New England and Chesapeake colonists settled in the new world for different reasons like religious freedoms in the North and quick profits in the South. Jamestown was originally an ideal place to strike it rich for the colonists. They didn't plan on staying long, therefore not bringing many women, as seen in Doc C. The early colony began to expand after the governors imposed laws and kept things running smooth. The Pilgrims who were seeking religious freedom from the Church of England established the Plymouth plantation in Massachusetts. The New England colonists brought more women because they planned on more of a permanent settlement; this is illustrated in the passenger list contained in Doc. B. They lived their lives for their god, not like the Chesapeake region, which was in it for the money. The colonists in the Chesapeake region started to make a profit with Tobacco and Indigo. Both products had a market in Europe. Many farmers moved farther and farther out of the colony for more land. This way they could produce more products, which would ultimately lead to overproduction and a decline in the selling price. The geography to the north around Massachusetts was a lot different. The soil was not very good for farming, but there were a lot of forests and natural ports. These features made that area ideal for shipbuilding and fishing. So the northern colonies became a big shipbuilding industry. So the North's output ...

How the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Digestive System Are Interrelated Essay

The function of the digestive system is to absorb and assimilate key nutrients which are required to maintain and regulate other systems in the body. Enzymes secreted within the digestive system have a role of breaking down food from proteins into amino acids, starch into glucose and fats into a mixture of fatty acids and glycerol. The main function of the respiratory system is to inhale oxygen and exhale the waste product carbon dioxide. Oxygen is breathed through the mouth and nostrils into the lungs. The gas then diffuses through the alveolar walls and into red blood cells (erythrocytes). Carbon dioxide carried back within red blood cells diffuses back through the alveolar walls and is exhaled out through the mouth. The cardiovascular system has a role of circulating blood around the body. The contents of blood being circulated include nutrients, gases and waste products. The main organs involved within this process are blood, arteries, veins, heart and the lungs. How cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive system are interrelated when exercising! When exercising you need Glucose, oxygen and water (H2O). That’s where the digestive, cardiovascular and respiratory system are used. The digestive system dissolves food which provides the water and glucose for the respiratory and cardiovascular system, the respiratory system inhales oxygen which is diffused through the alveolar walls in to the red blood cells and diffuses the carbon dioxide back through the walls to be exhaled, the red blood cells with the water, oxygen and glucose in are pumped through the bodies arteries and veins by the cardiovascular system round the body.

Kodak and Fujifilm

Kodak and Fujifilm Kodak and Fujifilm are well known companies in the households in the United States and across the world. Few people know the actual history of both companies and the competition they have been in over the years. It’s an interesting history on how both companies started and how they have developed and challenged each other over the years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, started his business career as a 14-year old boy when he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. Mr.Eastman had a gift for organization and management while his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties. What sparked the idea of a simple camera was that his coworker suggested he make a record of his vacation to Santo Domingo. As a result, he became absorbed with photography and wanting to simplify the photography process. Eastman started Kodak in 1880 and built it on four basic principles: mass production at low co st, international distribution, extensive advertising, and a focus on the customer.Later on he added the following policies: foster growth and development through continuing research, treat employees in a fair, self-respecting way, and reinvest profits to build and extend the business. Mr. Eastman started the company by manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. One mishap almost shut down the company when dry plates that were sold went bad. Eastman came up with a quick solution to recall the bad plates and replace them with a good product. His quick thinking saved the company and the company’s reputation.Mr. Eastman began experiments that focused on the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. He began advertising to the public to look out for a new product that will prove an economical and convenient substitute for glass dry plates for outdoors and studio work. Once he started perfecting the transparent roll film and the roll holder, Eastman realized he would have to reach out to the general public and amateur photography. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. They developed the slogan â€Å"you press the button, we do the rest. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a plentitude of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. The company Kodak has grown to be is known not only for photography but also for images used in leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. They are constantly developing technology to combine images and information which is creating the potential to greatly change how businesses and people communicate.Eastman’s goal was to make photography â€Å"as convenient as the pencil† while Kodak is continuing to expand the ways images touch people’s lives. Kodak continues to rank as a premier multinational corporation and with a brand that is recognized in nearly every country. Kodak has been involved in technological innovation throughout the motion picture industry as well as the health imaging industry, document imaging, printing and publishing, and space exploration. Mr. Eastman believed employees should have more than good wages. He believed that worker’s goodwill and loyalty contributed to the prosperity of an organization.Eastman started the â€Å"Wage Dividend† in which each employee benefited from the yearly dividend on the company stock above his or her wages. The wage dividends represented a large part of the company’s net earnings; the wage dividends were viewed as an innovation. To show even more appreciation to his employees, Eastman gave one-third of his own holdings of company stock to his employees. He also provided them with a retirement annuity, life insurance and disability benefit plans. (History of Kodak) Fujifilm was established in 1934 in Japan.Fujifilm has established itself as a leader in in the motion picture photography, videotape, audio tape and floppy disc industries. The company is also involved in still cameras, camcorders, photofinishing equipment, paper and chemicals, imaging and information products for office and medical use markets. The company first started out producing motion picture film, dry plates and photographic paper. It was hard to develop brand recognition at first partly because of the competition with Eastman Kodak. Because of this, Fujifilm focused on improving the quality of the products it developed.Since the company was focused on the quality of the products, it developed its first film product and a motion picture negative film which proved to many in Japan that Fujifilm was technically proficient in the motion-picture industry. After World War II, Fuji was able to begin exporting film and optical products to South America and Asia. The postwar boom was a great advantage to Fuji with the demands for new products to be developed. One d ownfall for Eastman Kodak but an advantage to Fuji was when Kodak agreed to let Fuji produce black and white amateur roll film during 1952 and three more black and white roll film products by 1958.The company became the number one manufacturer of consumer films in Japan. Because of the agreement with Kodak this opened doors for Fuji and they were able to make more export agreements and opened sales offices in other countries, including the United States. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I, 2010) Fujifilm still had to overcome two major challenges: Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm’s reputation for below-par film product. Fuji tackled the challenge of film product and developed film and paper that was compatible with the processing systems mostly used worldwide.In 1969 all of their films, photo paper and chemicals completely matched the processing systems. They saw a significant upsurge in their exports. The other challenge was going head to head with Kodak wh ich they took on full-force. When Fuji entered the US market, it introduced a cartridge-film eight-millimeter home movie system. Kodak retaliated with introducing their system which swept Fuji aside and took control of the world market. The market started to notice that Fuji’s film was faster than Kodak’s and produced warmer tones.Fuji advertised making sure amateurs and professionals knew the difference while Kodak continued to concentrate on the beginner/amateur consumers. In 1972, Fuji marketed a film in the US with their name on it. Fuji gained its first significant market share with this product. To try and stay ahead of Kodak, Fuji had to develop, manufacture and market equivalent products quickly before Kodak released new products. By 1980, Fuji was the third largest film producer and stayed competitive by increasing its prices a lot less than the other manufactures.The also took advantage of the growing consumer demand for audio and videotapes. Their early mark eting to amateur and professionals paid off since many amateurs wanted to shoot pictures with high quality film. This boosted Fuji’s status to the second largest film manufacturer. A major advantage Fuji had was researching electronic technology before Kodak. Fuji beat Kodak out for a 1984 Olympics sponsorship which was a huge breakthrough for Fuji. Fuji also took full advantage of the untapped market of disposable cameras. They sold 1. million cameras in 6 months which took them to the top as the number one global camera manufacturer in 1992. Fuji introduced the first digital camera in 1988 which was a historical moment in the camera industry. Fuji has been an innovative competitor since the start of the company. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II, 2010) Kodak failed to grasp the importance of the complex environmental changes that were occurring in the industry. They didn’t react fast enough to stay as the leading company in the industry and Fujifilm took advantage of that.While Kodak had the technological skills to develop products, their rigid leadership culture prevented them from adapting with the changes taking place. Kodak had the â€Å"mentality of perfect products, rather than the high-tech mindset of make it, launch it, fix it. † Fujifilm embraced the changes that were occurring in the photographic market. They diversified through acquisition and changed its business model to conquer digital photography with a commitment to innovation and new technologies. Fuji showed a technological discontinuity by developing the first digital camera.This shows they are innovative and creative in their thinking and think ahead of what is happening in the industry. (Integrated Company Analysis, 2009) One major management concept that has impacted both Fuji and Kodak are their marketing strategies. While Kodak was focused on marketing to amateur photographers, Fuji took it a step beyond and focused on amateurs and profes sionals. This has had a huge impact on both companies. Kodak is focused on positioning itself as providing user-friendly products while the quality of some of their products contradict that claim.This has kept Kodak from advancing as they should have while Fuji has seen a huge benefit from their marketing strategy. I view Fujifilm as a prospector since they think outside of the box and look at what is needed in the future. Kodak started out originally as a prospector but has turned to be a reactor. Kodak is at the point where they are developing products in response to products being released from their competitors, mainly Fujifilm. I believe that Kodak needs to look at their current situation and assess what they need to do to become more profitable again and rebuild their reputation.I can see Kodak using the retrenchment strategy for the redevelopment of the company. One action that leaves it questionable about Fujifilm’s ethical approach is when Kodak filed a complaint wit h the United States that Fuji was blocking their products from entering the Japanese market. Looking at the situation, it could be the Japanese government that had the ethical and social responsibility for these actions. The blocking of Kodak entering the Japanese market maintained the Fujifilm’s profits while it stopped potential revenue for Kodak.Even if the Japanese government would let Kodak sell its products in Japan, the Japanese citizens would most likely still purchase Fujifilm since that is the product that they recognize and are familiar with. Kodak over the years has slowed down it’s adaptation to the market condition changes. When Mr. Eastman was in charge, the business stayed ahead of the industry and adapted well. As the years have gone by that situation has changed to where Kodak reacts after changes have been made. Their reactions are to produce a product so fast that it makes inferior products, which has affected Kodak’s reputation in the indust ry.Fujifilm adapts well to the change in the market conditions. In fact, they are in the forefront of anticipating what is needed next by the consumers. One way a company should build in flexibility is to have openness. Company executives need to be open to new ideas, information sources, and roles. Typically companies stick with the routine processes and don’t consider ideas that may be suggested by people and other sources outside of the company. Some companies are not receptive to ideas that are internally suggested by their own employees either.In order to prosper and advance, company executives need to be able and willing to take ideas and suggestions into consideration. Another way to build in flexibility is the processes of decision making. Companies need to analyze how and if their decision process works. They need re-examine the assumptions that bring the decision to a given point. Executives also should refine their plans according with the brief feedback they recei ve. Companies have to be careful not to develop a competitive inertia where they are reluctant to change their current strategies because they want to keep their current processes which have been successful so far.A third way is to develop a shadow strategy task force. Companies need to analyze themselves and determine what their weaknesses are to be able to make adjustments to strengthen them. One way to look at your weaknesses is to think like your competitors and try to determine how the company can be exploited for competitive advantage. The company should have a wide range of employees on the task force to provide opinions, suggestions and information instead of the task force being only executives.Companies can learn a lot from researching Kodak and Fujifilm’s history. Their history shows how strong companies can be and the bumps in the road they encounter by not adapting to change and competition. There is definitely a lesson in what to do and what not to do as you are building your company and making it stronger throughout the years. References: 1. History of Kodak. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. kodak. com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak/Imaging-_the_basics. htm 2. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I (2010).Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1682-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-1 3. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II (2010). Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1686-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-2 4. Integrated Company Analysis – Kodak. Fall 2009. Wisconsin School of Business. Retrieved from http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/09%20Fall/kodak_rep. pdf