Global disaster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Worldwide debacle - Research Paper Example At last, the paper makes a determination on why dry spell is significant, the impacts of overlooking it, and the requirement for future examination to address this worldwide fiasco. Researchers concur that dry season is unsafe to nature and identifies with the shortage of water in the earth surface. Obviously, the globe is experiencing disturbing water levels in MENA that characterize worldwide dry season. All things considered, dry spell is a worldwide catastrophe subject to its antagonistic impacts on the earth and worldwide populace particularly in the creating countries (Pozzi et al. 776). The 2012 National Drought Forum report declares that dry season is the third most predominant worldwide fiasco after floods and tremors. Dry season has been a predominant worldwide calamity for right around three decades subject to the greatness and recurrence of its inspiration factors. It is naturally hard to comprehend and characterize dry season since its belongings differ starting with one district then onto the next. Various countries have particular methods of characterizing dry spell. For the most part, dry season exudes from the absence of precipitation in a given territory for quite a while (The National Drought Mitigation Center 1). We can just characterize dry spell in seasons and lack of water gracefully in the earth. People consider dry spell concerning precipitation where we evaluate the degree of dryness and the span of a dry season. The thought identifies with meteorological dry spell that applies to a particular locale as characterized by differing precipitation levels (Saddleback Educational Publishing 17). Hydrological dry season is another type of dry season and identifies with how diminishing precipitation impacts stream, soil dampness, store and lake levels, and groundwater revive (Saddleback Educational Publishing 17). In addition, we have agrarian dry season that identifies with a circumstance where the degree of water gracefully can't fulfill horticultural water needs (Saddleb ack Educational Publishing 17). There are different ways that dry season can happen. Various researchers have

buy custom U.S. Embassy Cables essay

purchase custom U.S. International safe haven Cables exposition In my examination I investigate U.S. international safe haven links identified with an emergency in the relations between the United States and Armenia over arms moves to Iran. The links were distributed by WikiLeaks in December 2008. The fundamental the motivation behind why I picked this theme is on the grounds that I am keen on any advancement concerning Armenia, my country. This break is additionally intriguing from the perspective of the both the pitiful result of the arms move and the language of dangers the United States makes to constrain different nations to play by its principles. Wiki Leaks Research Project As indicated by the United States Government, a few weapons recuperated from two Shia aggressor assaults on U.S. warriors in Iraq in 2007 had been moved from Armenia to Iran. A United States warrior was murdered and six others were harmed in that assault. The United States Government had inferred that those weapons were associated with Armenias help of Iran's acquisition of rockets and automatic weapons in 2003. The released link incorporates a letter from John Negroponte, United States Deputy Secretary to Serzh Sargsyan and President of the Republic of Armenia. In the letter Negroponte communicates the worry of the United States Government over the supposed arms move and the chance of forcing sanctions against Armenia if the last neglects to guarantee avoidance of future arms moves to Iran. Strangely, the United States Government had appended a not insignificant rundown of measures proposed for forestalling arms moves to Iran. Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan is accounted for to have denied any inclusion in the arms move to its southern neighbor. After the Wiki Leaks distributed the links, Serzh Sargsyan reported that Armenia had never offered arms to Iran. In a meeting to Russian Echo Moskvy Radio station, Sargsyan said that Armenia would not do it since there was an Armenian military separation serving in Iraq. In any case, supported by its profoundly acclaimed knowledge, The United States had figured out how to follow all the dealings of Armenia in the adventure with the end goal that it had practically all the applicable documentation. They had figured out how to effectively recognize where the RPG rockets were fabricated (Bulgaria) by Vazovski Mashinostroitelni Zavodi. Stockpile, additionally a Bulgarian arms industrial facility, had produced the automatic weapons. The American insight had additionally reasoned that the arms were taken to Iran not long after being moved to Armenia. This was encouraged by two arms organizations from the two nations and it was additionally uncovered that Zao Veber, the Armenian organization in the arrangement, is possessed by the Armenian government. Furthermore, proof indicated that the Mahmoud Ahmadinejad government had paid for the arms. In any case, the installment was never trailed (Spiegel). Serzh Sargsyan, it was guaranteed, assumed a significant job in encouraging the acquisition of the weapons. Bulgaria had communicated its hesitance in selling the arms yet he guaranteed them that the weapons wont discover an exit from Armenia in a self composed letter. These mollified the Bulgarians position and consequently were pressured in to the arrangement (Spiegel). The then U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, whined to the Armenian government about its activity. She asserted that Iran, and its legislature, was advancing fear based oppressor exercises in The Middle East. In this way, The United States compromised Armenia with sanctions on the off chance that they occupied with such an arrangement with Iran once more (Spiegel). In spite of every one of these admonitions, Serzh Sargsyan still stayed inflexible, keeping up guiltlessness from the beginning. Henceforth, The United States gave him all the convincing proof they had accumulated. This time round, he had been cornered and he properly acknowledged obligation regarding the entire adventure. The United States at that point requested that Armenia administer some harder fare controls to keep such arrangements from being done once more (Spiegel). A gathering between Serzh Sargsyan and The US ambassadors occurred in mid 2009. The Armenian government, obviously shook by the entire adventure, and dreading further strategic breakdown, was happy to address the apprehensions raised by the Americans. On their part, The American organization needed a friendly arrangement found. It vowed to not force, and forgo, assents to Armenia on the off chance that it was guaranteed that they (Armenians) will keep on participating (Sanamyan, 2010). The Armenian president, Mr. Sargsyan, removed himself, and his nation, in any future arms dealings with Iran. He acknowledged to chip away at the solicitations and requests of The United States. The acknowledgment of duty in the deal, the readiness to collaborate and the guarantee to never take part in obscure arms manage Iran all appeared to have satisfied America. They again began to heat up on Armenia, and Sargsyan (Sanamyan, 2010). Sargsyan, in his push to improve the nations connection significantly further, called attention to the unquestionable long standing participation among Armenia and The United States of America since the formers initiation in 1991. This participation addressed issues, for example, security and non multiplication. Surely, the then US president, George Bush, composed a letter to express gratitude toward Armenia, and its leader, for their job in helping US troops in the battle against fear based oppression in Iraq. For a long time, Armenian servicemen had been sent in Iraq close to the outskirt with Iran as a component of the US drove alliance (Sanamyan, 2010). After such positive trades between the two governments, the apparently hopeless connection was recuperating. The two governments were back to cooperating. Accordingly, the United States never presented any approvals it had compromised affirming the agreeableness of the goals of the entire adventure (Sanamyan, 2010). Up until now, weve glanced in detail at the entire tempest. However, what are the ramifications of this adventure on the following relations between the two nations? Will the United States begin to treat Armenia with doubt? To discover a sign, I will dive in to the relations between the two nations previously, during and after the contention quieted down. Armenia and The US became exchange accomplices in 1992, a year after Armenias beginning. From that point forward, an expected 70 US firms are in activity in Armenia, particularly the PC related ones, for example, Dell, IBM and working frameworks mammoth Microsoft. Different US interests in Armenia are in the inn business, locally established items fabricating like floor coverings and furniture and development. Moreover, some US firms have their auxiliaries in Armenia. These incorporate IT firms like Viasphere Technopark and Coca Cola. Different speculations are in the excellence business, materials and mining (US Department of state ). The United States professed to have assumed a significant job in the progress of Armenia from non-majority rule government to vote based system. On this, it has allowed Armenia compassionate help with overabundance of $2 billion. The US representatives and their Armenian partners meet on a yearly premise to audit the two nations advancement progress. The US has additionally upheld quiet concurrence among Armenia and its encompassing nations and furthermore put measures to support its economy to such an extent that its development potential is figured it out. Armenias wellbeing area has additionally profited extraordinarily from this help. The US government offices like USAID, the MCC have been on the front line of this compassionate and monetary help. Another key division of the Armenian economy, agribusiness, has profited incredibly from this reciprocal connection. In particular, The US has improved the country framework, water system programs, specialized help to ranchers and comme rcialization of the agrarian division (US Department of State). The law based improvement of Armenia has likewise been on the motivation of The United States. It has set up projects to enable the Armenian government to be progressively responsible and furthermore more democrratic. The projects incorporate lawful based practices, for example, teaching the general population, examiners and legal counselors on lawful issues, improving the Judiciary, advancing human rights rehearses. It has additionally helped in the battle against defilement. The individuals of Armenia have likewise been instructed to interest for government responsibility. They have been encouraged in playing a main job by taking an interest completely in the political and fair procedure. The US States has likewise battled government impedance in the media business. Moreover, it has elevated measures to make the Police power and the legal framework progressively straightforward (US Department of State). Investigating the records above of the relations between the two nations, apparently the column achieved by WikiLeaks was not, and has not been, treated as such a serious deal. In fact the disappointment of The US to go ahead with the approvals it had undermined underpins this position. This carries us to another quandary. What are the outcomes of these WikiLeaks reports to the influenced countries? Do individuals find such disclosures that genuine? Should such very mystery data be uncovered to people in general? Sick attempt to look these inquiries, with the instance of Armenias offer of weapons to Iran my reference point. It is all around acknowledged that legislatures, and even individuals, stay discreet to benefit the nation. This is particularly obvious with regards to military tasks and other security-related data (Sifry). Inability to do so can open the nation to its adversaries or cause superfluous strain. This is actually what occurred in the Armenian case. In spite of the fact that it demonstrated immaterial at long last, it was expected that there might be a complete breakdown of correspondence between the two nations. In the harsh letter discharged, financial assents were to be forced to Armenia which would have had genuine ramifications on its residents. It would have been exceptional if the issue had been left, and managed, covertly without causing an open clamor. With the appearance of the web, and particularly WikiLeaks, data, anyway realistic and additionally mystery, presently streams openly in to the open area. This is on the grounds that in any establishment theres consistently som

Puzzled

Puzzled Each year during IAP, MIT has its annual mystery hunt, and teams from all over come to MIT to compete to solve insane brain teasers with hopes to find a coin hidden somewhere on MITs campus typically over the course of one weekend. Freshman year, some friends and I decided to participate, and we had a blast. Weve been participating ever since then, and this were even already getting ready for next years contest. As part of our summer training, weve been coming up with our own puzzles to prepare one another. This is the one I came up with. Ill be posting puzzles created by the entire team every so often for you all to try, and then a couple days later, Ill post the solution. Maybe you can join our team remotely next IAP. Come and Ride It Lost in the jungle, Joe is befriended by a group of warrior women with a quiver of arrows. They give Joe this series of directions to follow to find the train home. START HERE (at the X) X 0 5 2 9 6 3 1 2 6 2 0 8 8 7 3 1 2 5 4 5 7 7 5 0 4 2 3 6 5 4 8 6 9 8 2 1 4 5 3 6 4 7 5 A few of these items might help you as well. Fourth in Malibu Sands Summer Sixth in Raven Symones 1st Third in Greek A + Roman V Thirteenth in Mr Tumnus Eighth in Ugachaka Law Case Tenth in Popcorn Christmas Tree Decorations Second in Mr. Feenys Dashboard Dilemma Seventeenth in the Case of the Sleeping Dog Tenth in the Mirror of Erised Seventh in a Series of Unfortunate Events Follow these directions and youll find your way. Post Tagged #Mystery Hunt

Business Law - 972 Words

THE LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS CHAPTER 4 – Piercing the Corporate Veil Minne B Berkey v Third Avenue Railway Company Overview: This is a New York Court of Appeals decision in 1926 adjudicated by the legendary Justice Cardozo. In this seminal case on ‘piercing the corporate veil’, the Court of Appeals finds in favor of the Defendant, Third Avenue Railway Company. The Court holds that Third Avenue, the parent company of Forty-second Street Company, which operated a rail line upon which the Plaintiff was injured, was not liable for the torts of the subsidiary. Even though the defendant owned all the stock of the subsidiary and controlled its Board of Directors, the degree of domination over the subsidiary was not considered†¦show more content†¦The trial court affirmed the Appellate Division’s refusal to pierce the corporate veil finding that Westerlea and Defendant acted as two separate corporations at all times. Issue: Can a business be incorporated for the very purpose of escaping personal liability? Held: The Appellate and trial court decisions were affirmed and the Court found for the Defendant. The Court held that ‘piercing the corporate veil’ is invoked to ‘prevent fraud or to achieve equity’. In this case the Court found no evidence of fraud, misrepresentation nor illegality. Although the defendant controlled Westerlea’s affairs, Westerlea maintained an outward appearance of aDseparate corporate identity at all times. Further, the creditors were not misled, there was no fraud, and Defendant performed no act to cause injury to the creditors of Westerlea by depletion of assets or otherwise. Discussion: The dissent argued that the corporate veil should be pierced in this case. †¨The argument was that Westerlea was organized solely to benefit Defendant, not to operate as a separate entity. Westerlea did not have a separate corporate identity because it was Defendant’s wholly owned subsidiary that had the same directors and management as Defendant. Westerlea was undercapitalized because Defendant provided Westerlea with small capital and Westerlea maintained insufficient funds to cover the cost of building the homes. Westerlea’s purposeShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law And Ethics : Backoffice Business Brief1862 Words   |  8 Pages Running head: BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 1 Business Law and Ethics BackOffice Business Brief Patten University BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 2 Constitutional Rights and Guarantees BackOffice is a new startup business that will provide potential clients with an application (app) that woul d automate certain business functions. BackOffice will be selling the app to certain business clients that will use it to facilitate their customers’ transactions. It is important that the owner of this companyRead MoreLegal Underpinnings of Business Law Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesLegal Underpinnings of Business Law OMM 670: Legal Environment February 25, 2013 Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Business | Type of Business | Liability Exposure | Compare | Contrast | Tinker’s Home Security Service | Sole proprietorship | Unlimited | Monetary rewards are from both the Proprietor amp; business | Sole Liability | Tinker amp; Tailor’s Home Security Service | General partnership | Unlimited | All partners are responsible whether silent or active | If you areRead MoreLaw 531 Business Forms Worksheet1386 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Business Forms Worksheet There are seven forms of business: sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company (including the single member LLC), S Corporation, Franchise, and Corporation. 1. Research and provide three advantages and three disadvantages for each business form. 2. Provide a 100- to 200-word summary in which you provide an example business that you would start for each form. What is legally necessary toRead MoreBusiness Law3143 Words   |  13 Pages2012 – OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012 STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481 BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. Using legal authorities (relevant statutes and cases) to support your discussion. Answer: A valid contract is an agreement made between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations that are enforced by law. What does the consideration mean? And what does it effect to the agreement? ConsiderationRead MoreBusiness Law : Labor And Employment Law891 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Law: Labor and Employment Law Each and every day business throughout the United States are met with challenging situations that are centered around labor and employment law. As the director of human resources for Company X, I have been tasked with analyzing three situations that may or may not violate any federal acts. The federal acts that will be considered are the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), and the Americans withRead MoreBusiness Law762 Words   |  4 PagesB Bai 1 : Business Law: 40. Principle of Law: In this case, Esposito hired Excel Construction Company to repair a porch roof. All terms of the agreement were specified in a written contract. And the dispute occurred when Excel had repaired the rear porch roof because in the agreement failed to specify whether it was the front or rear porch that needed repair. Under civil law, two parties here had signed a civil contract in writing. Because the contract failed to specify clearly front or rearRead MoreBusiness Law Development Of Mongolia2212 Words   |  9 PagesCourse Paper Myagmarsuren Jargal International American University BUS 540: Business Law for Managers Flavia LLoyd June 28, 2015 Business Law Development Issues in Mongolia Mongolia is a developing country, which is encountering challenges to develop modern business law. During the twentieth century, Mongolia had been a socialist country and developed almost fifty years of non-private property regime. However, the end of the twentieth century, the country changed its regime to democraticRead MoreBusiness Law1345 Words   |  6 PagesQn 1: Whether James can hold the Happy Holiday Hotel for the loss of his property under the common law? The issue of this case will be whether James can hold Happy Holiday Hotel responsible for the loss of his property notwithstanding the exemption clause found in the hotel rooms. Under the Exemption Clauses in Common Law, it states that in order for this clause to be valid, the clause must be included in the contract when the contract is made. If there is any attempt to include it in after theRead MoreBusiness Law1088 Words   |  5 Pagesconditional constitute consideration? Yes, such a promise consideration even if the condition is unlikely to occur. 3. What is the general rule about the adequacy of consideration? The adequacy of the consideration is irrelevant because the law does not prohibit bargains. 5. Is there consideration when a secured note for a lesser amount is given and accepted in discharge of an unsecured note for a greater amount? Explain. No, because if a secured not for a lesser amount is given andRead MoreBusiness Law2474 Words   |  10 Pagesnature of liability in negligence amp; (3.3) Explain how a business can be vicariously liable 4 (4.1) Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in the above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC amp; (4.2) Apply the elements of vicarious liability in above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC 8 Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Law plays important roles to protect benefits, obligations and

This Paper Will Explore Research In Order To Examine If

This paper will explore research in order to examine if there are any direct benefits or advantages for students who attend schools that have developed and initiated a mandatory dress code policy, mainly in wearing school uniforms. My school, St. Mary’s Central High School, has recently adopted a uniform policy. It is ever changing as we are meeting the needs of our students. Uniforms show that you are part of an organization. Wearing it says we re all in this together, Also, if you wear your uniform with pride, it means you are half way there to being respectful, buying into what the organization is all about. Jason Wing, head teacher at the Neale-Wade academy in Cambridgeshire, says. (The Guardian) Uniforms have been around for†¦show more content†¦After President Clinton promoted the uniform initiative in his State of the Union address stating: â€Å"If it meant that the school rooms will be more orderly and more disciplined and that our young people will learn to evaluate themselves by what they are on the inside, instead of what they’re wearing on the outside, then our public school should be able to require their student to wear uniforms.† (Mitchell) In 1994 LBUSD became the first and largest school district to require school uniforms for all students K-8. According to the US Department of Education, wearing a uniform can decrease the risk of violence and theft, instill discipline and help school officials recognize intruders who come to the school. (School Dress Codes Are Necessary and Constitutional) Taking away the ability for students to wear gang colors can drastically change the environment of a school. It puts all students on a level playing field and takes away the ease of identifying a person’s affiliation. In the Harvard Education Letter, researcher Marc Posner points out that in California--where state law requires that students be allowed to opt out of wearing school uniforms--students who don t wear uniforms are reported for disciplinary infractions at very high rates. In one school, students who didn t wear uniforms were sent to the office at a rate 22 times higher than that for uniformed students. (Posner) In large schools it also helps administration and security to quicklyShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Leadership On Creativity976 Words   |  4 PagesTopics in Administrative Leadership In this paper I explore two topics related to administrative leadership. The first topic that I examine is the impact of leadership on creativity. The second topic that I will explore is how administrative leadership impacts the implementation of technology in an organization. I seek to look at the research and suggest ways that these topics can be expanded. Leadership and Creativity Zubair and Kamal (2015) examine the impact of leadership on employee creativityRead MoreWhat Is The General Approach To Measure Co2 Emission1012 Words   |  5 Pagesto support companies in measuring, reporting and managing their carbon footprints. One commonly used methodology is the GHG Protocol produced by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute (WBCSD/WRI 2004). This methodology presents detailed guidance on corporate emissions reporting. More recent standards are from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14064 series also provides guidance on company carbon footprint calculation and reportingRead MoreAn Open Call For Funding Via Donation971 Words   |  4 PagesCrowdfunding is an open call for funding via donation or in exchange for a reward in order to support specific projects and initiatives typically through the Internet [56, 60]. It provides a new channel through which entrepreneurs can raise financial resou rces to undertake innovative projects and manage their ventures [7]. Although a large number of successful fundraising projects have been reported, the success rate is only around one-third. Many promising proposals were not funded for differentRead MoreThe Middle East, And America s Imperial Ambitions1177 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Question Does the ISIS phenomenon challenge the construct of the Middle East, and America’s imperial ambitions? My argument is that neo-colonial relations - between the United States and the Arab world – is responsible for the radicalization of terrorist, particularly ISIS. Considering America’s involvement in the construction of the modern Middle East, and its continued involvement in the region. This research question is significant because it interlinks post-colonial studies with contemporaryRead MoreEco 201 Final Project (Selected Topic Is Ford Motor Company)988 Words   |  4 PagesECO 201 Final Project (Selected Topic is Ford Motor Company) Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eco-201-final-project/ ECO 201 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview The final project for this course is the creation of a research paper. Every day, millions of economic choices are made by people—from what brand of soap to buy to how many employees to hire for a factory. Microeconomics provides us with the tools, models, and concepts to better understand individual choicesRead MoreResearch Methodology For Academic Journal Articles1268 Words   |  6 PagesMoreover, the types of research questions and its understanding can be significant in determining the research methodology. Abstract The primary goal of this study is to systematize the knowledge in the area of different research methodological approaches applied in academic journal articles, assess their usefulness and present the results of the analysis. Key words: qualitative research, quantitative research, mixed method research Introduction Defining a case study method indicates the problemRead MoreRole Of Advertising On Consumer Emotion Management1341 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is mainly to make critical analysis of one paper selected from the specific journal. As the specific journal, this essay will select the paper from international journal of advertising, which is named as the role of advertising in consumer emotion management. According to the number of being cited, this paper should be meaningful and thoughtful, and thus people actively absorb more useful knowledge and theory relating to role of advertising in consumer. As a consequenceRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Other Treaments Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagespessimism, and decreased self-esteem. It is affecting up to 16% of people in Australia annualy, and become one of the leading cause of suicide in younger adult. This disease is usually treated by Antidepressant Medication (ADM) or by non-drug treatment, such as Cognitive Be haviour Therapy (CBT). The aim of this review article is to explore what is the best treatment for depressed patient. Two article are chosen, the first article are â€Å"Cognitive therapy vs. medications for depression: Treatment outcomesRead MoreNursing Workload And Their Association With Patient Safety And Nursing Environments993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This paper explores several published journals that report on results conducted from research on nursing workload and its association with patient safety and nursing environments. Cimiotti et el (2012) suggest based on an extensive review of 42 articles, evidence shows that nurse staffing in the form of nurse-patient ratios and hours of nursing care have been implicated in the spread of infection. Duffield et el (2009) suggest that nurse staffing, unstable nursing unit environments wereRead MoreAnalysis of The Doctoral Research Process 1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdoctoral research process will challenge the most learned student, inspire true seekers of truth, and culminate in a dissertation which adds essential information to the existing relevant body of literature (Leedy Omrod, 2010) Some would say that finding truth is the object of the doctoral research process, while others insist that any information that expands the current understanding of a subject suffices as the end result for the doctoral research process. The purpose of this paper will be to:

The World Free Essays

The world’s biggest software maker felt that it had been robbed, so much so that they posted a high-level summary of 235 patents that were allegedly violated by Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), including the Linux Kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org, and others . Microsoft does not play when it comes to patent infringement, but did they have a case? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ So if Microsoft ever sued Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. We will write a custom essay sample on The World or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a cold war, and what keeps the peace is the threat of mutually assured destruction: patent Armageddon an unending series of suits and countersuits that would hobble the industry and its customers. † (Parloff may 28, 2007). Shortly after that, Microsoft entered into a series of three contracts with Novell, one of which was a patent agreement that basically said, â€Å"Don’t sue us and we won’t sue you. † So now the question is â€Å"At the time of the scenario, some dire consequences were predicted for FOSS. How has FOSS fared since then? † From what I have researched so far FOSS generally has still faired fairly well through the whole ordeal. The GNU still viewed as a pinnacle for open source software and distribution. The Deal with Novell was made to walk around the GPL of the GNU and expose loop holes for Microsoft’s gain but also creating a pressing dilemma for the GNU. The deal struck between Novell and Microsoft was a â€Å"we don’t sue you and you don’t sue us† which indicates that not only was FOSS involved in patent infringement but also Microsoft. The Deal included over 200 million dollars to Novell and 43 Million to Microsoft for â€Å"license distribution† of Novells’ Server software. Linux has grown from its earlier days as a fringe operating, evolving more and becoming more wide spread as a use for servers. What impact have these events made since then, or will they make? The threat of a lawsuit had little if any impact on the free open source market at all. People continued to download just about anything these days. Why you ask? It simple, FOSS has good quality codes that can be changed, shared, copied at will, and downloaded. It’s adaptable and it can be tailored to perform almost any large-scale computing job and it is almost crash proof. Software that is free is good to anybody no one can deny that. Many individuals that used open source applications on their smart devices, as well as large companies which use these applications for daily activity for their need in their company. FOSS is great for everyone because it can be shared, copied, changed and of course downloaded. FOSS is not going anywhere just for the reason being that it’s free. Has FOSS been hurt, helped, or neither? Big corporate companies have been changing their philosophy on open source software since Microsoft posted their findings in 2006. Major corporations like IBM, Oracle and Google have been using FOSS. They are big allies to FOSS so in my opinion I think it has helped them because then other small companies that actually look up to these powerful corporations would later start using FOSS. When something is starting to being used and downloaded on a constant basis, this means it’s becoming popular and it is in high demand. So it has helped them since then. Free software is great, and corporate America loves it. What in FOSS’s or Microsoft’s actions against FOSS has changed since then? Microsoft actions towards FOSS since then allegations were published is to get paid, the company is trying to still get royalties from developers that use FOSS. After the deal between Novell and Microsoft, Novell continued getting open source software getting their royalties and charging for them instead of being free. Microsoft did not sued FOSS but are lobbying their hardest (unsuccessfully I might add) in getting most of the large corporations to not join or ally themselves with FOSS. Bibliography Parloff, R. CNN Money, â€Å"Microsoft Takes on the Free World. † Last modified may 28,2007. Accessed July 29, 2012. http://money. cnn. com. How to cite The World, Papers The world Free Essays There are too many parts In his recordings that do not make sense that lead me to my decision. The accounts of Pocahontas are a major factor that many say make Smiths works not credible. When John Smith was kidnapped by the King of the Photostat Tribe, Pocahontas’ dad, they were about to kill him then and there. We will write a custom essay sample on The world or any similar topic only for you Order Now Side note: they kidnapped Smith just to kill him instead of ailing him during the battle between Smiths men and the Native Americans. Why would they spear Smith’s life after they killed all his men? Anyways, right before the King his men were about to kill him, weapons drawn, this young girl Jumps in and shields Smith from the men. â€Å"Pocahontas with no appeal or petition got his head in her arms and laid her own upon his o save him from death. † She happened to be the king’s daughter. She was so brave that she risked her own life Just to save a stranger that was an enemy In her father’s eyes. But John Smith does not give us any time of season why Pocahontas did this for him because when Pocahontas covered him they didn’t kill him. Later in the story he records how after he was released, Pocahontas was providing him with food and other things so he wouldn’t starve to death. But yet again Smith doesn’t record why she is doing this for him, making a reader like me suspicious about his credibility. Maybe she had a crush on him but I don’t think they were secretly in love because she was probably too young for him. Throughout Smiths writings in â€Å"A General History’ his accounts of Pocahontas, e makes mostly everything seem to not be his fault. He doesn’t tell us or explains to us the wrong decisions he made that lead to his close encounters with death. He makes It seem like he was o innocent. He was proud, arrogant, and boastful, writing in 3rd person about himself, removing himself away from the narrative. He TLD care about the other tribes around his area, stealing food and necessities from them. Even though it was for the good of his own colony or group of people, it still isn’t right to steal from others and sin like that, then go on to write about Religion and how people should go about it in the â€Å"New World. Most likely the other tribes will fight back. I question if Smiths recordings of Pocahontas are real because how can Smith get kidnapped released all because a girl he never met shielded him. Pocahontas saved him and now he gets to go? Why didn’t the king search for him? It’s funny because Smith refers to the king as a devil and refers to the Native Americans as â€Å"Barbarians . † How was the King the devil if he spared your life and traded with your colony In the future? I think Smith was captured then released on a deal that was dad between him and the King, probably a deal to help the Photostat tribe out because Smith was a smart resourceful man. I don’t know why he had to put the Pocahontas story into his recordings instead of just telling the truth, because that accounts of Pocahontas in his 1607 recordings, but he mentions the Photostats. It wasn’t till his 1624 recordings 20+ years later, that he mentions Pocahontas long after she died. So now we don’t have any witnesses or any accounts from Pocahontas about what really happened or if the story is fabricated and never actually appended. I believe Smiths accounts in â€Å"A description of new England† are credible. He drew maps for future colonies and focused heavily on religion, encouraging people to come to the New World. But I do not think he cared about any of these things. He probably wanted people come to so he could make money by promoting the World, because maybe somebody was paying him. He probably sold the maps he drew to the people he was recruiting to come to the new World. To conclude my paper I tell you again that I do not believe that John Smith was a reducible writer. If he explained the things that happened in the Photostat tribe more thoroughly, I think I would have a change of mind about his credibility. Why would a young girl who is a stranger to Smith save his life twice for no reason? Why wouldn’t Smith explain why she does these things? The king released Smith and later became friends with him, why? That makes no sense. A normal person would be confused as am while reading this. As I said if one story isn’t believable, it makes me question all his other accounts of what happened. How to cite The world, Papers

Sustainability and Ethics for Business Liability - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSustainability and Ethics for Business Liability. Answer: Benefits of ethical leadership include reduction of business liability, helping workers make better decisions and assuring high-quality customer services. It also prevents costly errors and rework of administrative nature and grows the bottom line consistently. Qualities and skills of ethical leaders include the personality to defy group-think, selflessness, and ability to set good examples. Also, have open doors always, not afraid to be challenged and take responsibility of everything (Walumbwa, Hartnell and Misati 2017). Citizens and stakeholders express environmental values by rejecting companies that do not have better corporate social responsibilities and those that do not embrace sustainable practices. The trends across the country studies is that stakeholders and citizens are likely to associate with firms with better CSR and sustainable environmental practices and management. Economic status is essential in shaping environmental values since people with high economic status do not care for sustainability while those with low economic status care for sustainability and future generation. Values transcend class distinction and economic development in such instances as when people need sustainable practices. The environmental legislations for sustainability are those aimed at ensuring sustainability. For example, environmental protection and biodiversity conservation Act 199 (EPBC Act) avails a legal background for the protection as well as management of nationality besides globally important flora, fauna, alongside ecological societies alongside heritage locations clearly defined in this Act as matters of national environmental importance. The distinction between Green Marketing (GM) and Green Washing (GW); the GW is the misleading claims regarding the green, sustainable, eco, carbon neutral alongside planet welcoming status of the commodities or business whereas GM is authentic communication of the genuine sustainable commodities or business. Conflict management styles include; Accommodating-where one corporate to a higher gradation, at the expense of an individual, and work in contradiction of ones objectives, goals as well as anticipated upshots. Avoiding- where one simply avoid the issue. Collaborating- where one partners with other party for the achievement of both their goals hence win-win scenario. Competing- it is a win-lose method where one acts in an extreme self-confident manner to achieving goalmouths without cooperating with other stakeholders and at the expense of other stakeholder. Compromising- it is the lose-lose situation where neither stakeholder attains whatever they desire. Relationship between environmental and economic performance is that high environmental performance corresponds to low economic performance and reverse holds and represented by U-shaped curve. The positive outcome is that moderating the relationship will lead better living standards of the society and sustainability (Rivera, Muoz and Moneva 2017). Power differences and workplace politics is understand as the power/influence used by people at workplace to influence ascend to top of the company to achieve power. Such politics have negative influential behaviors linked with an individual attempting to accomplish goals of ascending to the top. Benefits of Ethics Auditing include identification of potential risks alongside liabilities and enhance legal compliance and remains key in enhancing organizational performance and enhanced relationships with stakeholders (Raiborn et al. 2017). Ten principles of United National Global Compact include: Business need to support and respect globally proclaimed rights of human Business must ensure that they are never complicit in abuses of human rights Business must uphold freedom of association and effective rights to collective bargaining recognition Business must eliminate each form of compelled and mandatory labor Business must effectively abolish child labor (Compact 2011). The business must eliminate discrimination with respect to occupation and employment Business must back precautionary environmental challenges approach Business must carry out initiatives that promote greater environmental responsibility Business must encourage environmentally approachable technologies development Business must fight corruption in every formula including bribery and extortion References Compact, U.G., 2011. The ten principles. ]: : URL: https://www. unglobal-compact. org/AboutTheGC/TheTen Principles/index. html. Raiborn, C., Butler, J.B., Martin, K. and Pizzini, M., 2017. The Internal Audit Function: A Prerequisite for Good Governance. Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 28(2), pp.10-21. Rivera, J.M., Muoz, M.J. and Moneva, J.M., 2017. Revisiting the Relationship Between Corporate Stakeholder Commitment and Social and Financial Performance. Sustainable Development. Walumbwa, F.O., Hartnell, C.A. and Misati, E., 2017. Does ethical leadership enhance group learning behavior? Examining the mediating influence of group ethical conduct, justice climate, and peer justice. Journal of Business Research, 72, pp.14-23.

Alarm bell free essay sample

The   contents   of   this page are very serious which may be shocking to the citizens of UK. Confirmed reports from official government agencies reveal that the younger generation of   UK is losing interest in scientific, engineering and technical education. There is a considerable drop in the number of students in this sector as compared to other academic areas. Presently, only 12 % of the students graduating from the Universities comprise of graduates in science and engineering . This has to be at least 25 % if UK wants to retain its leading position in science and technology. The problems lie at grass root level. The school children of UK are reportedly devoid of   the necessary inspiration which creates an interest in scientific and technical studies. Almost 25 % of secondary ‘A’ level schools do not have a physics teacher !! The Royal society of Chemistry reports that the facilities at the   science laboratories are very poor. Only one-in-five schools offer GSCEs in physics, chemistry and biology, and very few   are opting for science stream at ‘A’ level. We will write a custom essay sample on Alarm bell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover the curriculum is also designed in   such a way that enough time is not given to scientific studies. The situation is very pathetic because the 200 m pounds allocated for improvement in science education facilities are lying unused !!

Son Tay Raid During the Vietnam War

Son Tay Raid During the Vietnam War The raid on Son Tay prison camp occurred during the Vietnam War.  Colonel Simons and his men captured Son Tay on November 21, 1970. Armies Commanders United States Colonel Arthur D. Bull SimonsLieutenant Colonel Elliot Bud Sydnor56 Special Forces soldiers, 92 airmen, 29 aircraft North Vietnam Leaders: UnknownNumbers: Unknown Son Tay Raid Background In 1970, the US had identified the names of over 500 American POWs who were being held by the North Vietnamese. Sources reported that these prisoners were being held in atrocious conditions and were being cruelly treated by their captors. That June, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Earle G. Wheeler, authorized the formation a fifteen-member planning group to address the issue. Operating under the codename Polar Circle, this group studied the possibility of conducting a night raid on a North Vietnamese POW camp and found that an attack on the camp at Son Tay was feasible and should be attempted. Son Tay Raid Training Two months later, Operation Ivory Coast commenced to organize, plan, and train for the mission. Overall command was given to Air Force Brigadier General LeRoy J. Manor, with Special Forces Colonel Arthur Bull Simons leading the raid itself. While Manor assembled a planning staff, Simons recruited 103 volunteers from the 6th and 7th Special Forces Groups. Based at Eglin Air Force Base, FL, and working under the name Joint Contingency Task Group, Simons men began studying models of the camp and rehearsing the attack on a full-size replica. While Simons men were training, the planners identified two windows, October 21 to 25 and November 21 to 25, which possessed the ideal moonlight and weather conditions for the raid. Manor and Simons also met with Admiral Fred Bardshar to set up a diversionary mission to be flown by naval aircraft. After 170 rehearsals at Eglin, Manor informed the Secretary of Defense, Melvin Laird, that all was ready for the October attack window. Following a meeting at the White House with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, the raid was delayed until November. Son Tay Raid Planning After using the extra time for further training, JCTG moved to its forward bases in Thailand. For the raid, Simons selected 56 Green Berets from his pool of 103. These men were divided into three groups each with a different mission. The first was the 14-man assault group, Blueboy, which was to land inside the camp compound. This would be supported by the 22-man command group, Greenleaf, which would land outside, then blow a hole in the compound wall and support Blueboy. These were supported by the 20-man Redwine which was to provide security against North Vietnamese reaction forces. Son Tay Raid Execution The raiders were to approach the camp by air aboard helicopters with fighter cover above to deal with any North Vietnamese MiGs. All told, 29 aircraft played a direct role in the mission. Due to the impending approach of Typhoon Patsy, the mission was moved up one day to November 20. Departing their base in Thailand at 11:25 PM on November 20, the raiders had an uneventful flight to the camp as the Navys diversionary raid had achieved its purpose. At 2:18 AM, the helicopter carrying Blueboy successfully crash landed inside the compound at Son Tay. Racing from the helicopter, Captain Richard J. Meadows led the assault team in eliminating the guards and securing the compound. Three minutes later, Col. Simons landed with Greenleaf approximately a quarter mile from their intended LZ. After attacking a nearby North Vietnamese barracks and killing between 100 to 200, Greenleaf re-embarked and flew to the compound. In Greenleafs absence, Redwine, led by Lieutenant Colonel Elliott P. â€Å"Bud† Sydnor, landed outside Son Tay and executed Greenleafs mission as per the operations contingency plans. After conducting a thorough search of the camp, Meadows radioed Negative Items to the command group signaling that no POWs were present. At 2:36, the first group departed by helicopter, followed by the second nine minutes later. The raiders arrived back in Thailand at 4:28, approximately five hours after departing, having spent a total of twenty-seven minutes on the ground. Son Tay Raid Aftermath Brilliantly executed, American casualties for the raid were one wounded. This occurred when a helicopter crewman broke his ankle during the insertion of Blueboy. In addition, two aircraft were lost in the operation. North Vietnamese casualties were estimated at between 100 to 200 killed. Intelligence later revealed that the POWs at Son Tay had been moved to a camp fifteen miles away in July. While some intelligence indicated this immediately prior to the raid, there was not the time to change the target. Despite this intelligence failure, the raid was deemed a tactical success due to its nearly flawless execution. For their actions during the raid, the members of the task force were awarded six Distinguished Service Crosses, five Air Force Crosses, and eighty-three Silver Stars. Resources and Further Reading The Son Tay Raid: A Study in Presidental PolicySon Tay Raider Association

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group Essay

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations adapt their human resource management practices for successful strategies execution to survive and grow in the international markets. International human resource field has been a focus of all business organizations, and its significance will grow in the subsequent years. International organizations use three strategies types for transfer of practices of human resource across different countries. The first strategy is the ethnocentric strategy, which uses similar practices of human resources of the parent company in its host nations. Secondly, they use a polycentric strategy that employs local people as labor force and adapts the human resource practices of the host nation. The third one is a geocentric strategy, which only focuses on talents of the employee and adopts human resource practices, which are operational and resourceful irrespective of the nationality. All strategies have their weaknesses and strengths that ar e applied as per the business type, the strategy of the organization, the leadership, and the experiences of the organization regarding diverse strategies. The international groups can use traditionally sensitive and adaptive practices of human resource management for generating a modest advantage in foreign tasks. In an effort to discover novel markets and prospects, international corporations are adapting to practices of human resource management across diverse borders.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The process must begin with planning and preparing the entire infrastructure needed for the auditing process. This is important for identifying the existing levels of skills in the organization. Following this, the organization must strive to set skill targets against its long term goals and objectives. For this it needs to forecast the skill demands in the organization for various work processes in future. Comparing the target skill requirements against the existing skill levels in the organization reflects the actual measure of skill gaps. Shortfall in skill levels in the organization must be complimented with either training the existing employees to enhance their performance and productivity in the organization. The skill gap can also be met up by recruiting fresh candidates on new skill requirements as per the long term strategies of the organization (Pravin, 2010, p.123). Actions and documents for correct recruitment procedures The criterion for a strong recruitment procedure i n the organization is to recruit the right candidates in the organization and at the right time and position. The process must begin with writing the job description or the job specification. This is crucial to understand the exact needs and requirements of the job. The purpose, responsibilities and tasks associated with the job are the most crucial components of a proper job description. In this context the scope of the job is also important, i.e., expanding on the primary tasks and activities and importance of the job in the organization. This must be followed by the person specification or the detailing of skills, attributes and knowledge associated with the job. It is crucial to mention the types of experience needed in the job; the necessary competencies, education and requirements in the job. The person recruited must be evaluated on his future potential and prospects in the organization along with the present requirements. The next stage is to give consideration to the pay ra tes associated with the job. Factors like grades, scales, skills availability, market rates, and negotiated agreements must be considered. The organization must be careful about discrimination legislations. The final and the most crucial part are attracting the candidates. This can be done through internal recruitments, by providing promotional and training opportunities to existing employees. Recruitments can also be conducted through commercial recruitment agencies, in cases large scale candidates are required and internal hiring is not sufficient to meet the purpose. Using the internet as an active source of finding candidates can be extremely effective and useful as majority of the labour force attains recruitment information from the internet. It is also easy to access the talents across the globe through this medium. It can be mainly effective in technical and graduate level jobs as it can target a selected group of candidates with the requisite qualification and experience in stantly (Staffing.org, 2012). After deciding the channels of recruitment, it is important to design the advertisement for attracting candidates. This includes providing the various details for the position, contact number etc. Finally the candidates shortlisted through their

The Geometric Arrangement Of Computer Systems

The Geometric Arrangement Of Computer Systems A network often simply referred to as computer network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels. Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. In information technology network is series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. These communication channels facilitate communications among users and allow users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. Topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. The most common topology or general configurations of networks include the: Bus topology Star topology Token ring topology Networks can also be characterized in terms of spatial distance: A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including: Local-area networks (LANs): In this type of network the computers linked within the organization. Wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by different communication channels. Metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city. Campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area. Egg: campus Home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a users home that connects a persons digital devices. Internet Protocols: Before going to Internet protocols first we have to know about the protocol. Protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP. The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and routing datagram (packets) from a source host to the destination host across one or more IP networks. The sending of packets from source to destination is performed based on two types of networks: These networks include: Wired network: A wired network is a physical system that allows multiple computers communicate with each other. Wired networking is usually accomplished by using cables and other hardware to connect one computer to another. Once a wired home network has been installed, users within the network can share computer files and documents as well as printers and scanners. In This network the packets are transferred by using TCP/IP. Wireless network: Connecting one computer to another computer is called network. We are connecting these computers to transfer packets from source to destination. But we are using wireless network, instead of cables we are using radio waves to transfer these packets by using UDP (User Datagram packet). TCP/IP Architecture: Internet protocol suite which standardized for the entire networking environment describes specific rule guidelines for communication strategy. This protocol architecture deals with communication between source and destination which means how the data should be formatted, how the packets should identify the address of the receiver and how the packets are transmitted from source to destination. In this TCP/IP architecture the data should be transferred in the form of packets from source to destination. The transmission of packets starts from source and these packets transmits through different types of layers and finally it reaches the destination. In this architecture there are 4different layers, each layer performs its own functionality to reach destination. In this architecture each layer sends the information to the lower layer to process the functionality of that layer, after completion of processing the information passed to lower layer and so on. This process repeats till the packet should reach the destination. The 4 different layers of TCP/IP protocol architecture and each layer is described below: Application Layer: This layer provides the some functionality to perform different services of the lower layers. And this layer provides different protocols for the purpose of exchanging data between different layers. The protocols which are defined by application layer are known as application protocols and these are used to exchange the information: There are different protocols used in application layer are described as follows: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): This protocol used in application layer which is used to perform the transmission of files among the network. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is also one protocol used in application layer to perform the transmission of interactive files. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) by using this protocol the transmission of mail messages and file attachments are done. The functionality of application layer similar to the functionalities of OSI Application, Presentation Layer and Session Layer. Transport Layer This is the second layer of TCP/IP protocol architecture. This Transport layer deals with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).This protocol is used to know the status of packet transmission whether it reached the exact destination or not. Before reaching the destination it performs the error checking which means it is in the right order or not. Network Layer This is the one of the important layer of TCP/IP protocol architecture. In this layer it deals with the Internet protocol (IP).The communication of these layers should be done by using this protocol. Network Access Layer The network access layer is the combination of Data link layer and physical layer. The Data link layer deals with the transmission of data packets across the architecture. This Data link layer provides different functionalities like formatting the data in packets, error detection and the flow of data from source to destination. And coming to physical layer deals with the physical medium such as voltage levels, connector types and handshake procedures. TCP/IP Protocol Layers Chapter 2 In chapter 1, I have mainly discussed about the VoIP and brief structure of dissertation. This chapter helps in understanding the VoIP system, key components, and protocols. It is good to understand the concepts and the technology when working on a new system. 2.1 Overview The generations have changed, so the way of communicating to your family, friends has changed. Not only quality is a concern but low cost is also an important factor for making calls. These are the few things which brought a lot of research work for Voice over internet protocol (VoIP). VoIP is a way sending voice packet over the internet. VoIP not only provides cheap calls but also provides better quality than before. 2.2 What is VoIP? VoIP is one of greatest invention in human kind; it basically allows transmission of human voice in the form of digital packet over a network. It is in demand due to lower call rates, implementation on a existing network, better quality than before. Many people, organisations have been consistently working on this technology to get a better performance of the service. This technology could be also implemented in a local area network. The process involves compressing and digitization of voice and transforming into Internet Protocol packets and sending the format over network. This is the process which is known as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). [4] 2.3 VoIP History Computer to Computer calling begin in Israel in 1995 by vocaltech Software by name internet phone. This software was designed and used to make Voice calls [8]. The whole system consists of basic things such as speakers, modem, and sound cards. The voice signals were digitized, turned into voice packets, so that they could be travelled over the network and in the end, packets would be shifted back into voice signals. The overall quality was not at all good and not even near traditional phone calls. But still it is considered as a major milestone as it was birth of new technology. The designed software had to be installed on both systems (caller and receiver) to process the voice call. Therefore it was the birth of first IP phone. Later after few years in 1998, number of private companies, organisation started working and using this technology more effectively. It is valuable assets as it is due to provide cheap long distance calls, avoid high charges with traditional phone system. These companies were able to design and organize VoIP doors on the internet, which would allow cheaper calls through Computer to Computer and also from regular phone to phone. This enhancement brought more awareness of the technology, market profits among private organisation and investors. However on the other side general people were unknown with the technology due non availability of high speed internet connection in most of the areas. This was one of the main reasons that it couldnt get popular quickly. Enterprises, small organisation already started using the benefits of VoIP; communication with voice across the networks was deployed and used. As time passed more standards and protocols were introduced for better quality as VoI P in beginning stages was not a good quality [4]. In initially stages when it was introduced, it was not considered as a potential technology. In some parts of North America it was offered free, which allowed free phone calls using regular phone. Though it was not considered potential technology, it was slowly getting popular and accepted in various areas such as enterprises, general public. Finally it was a well known model by 1998, where VoIP was used about 1% of voice traffic and in just two years of time by the year 2000, it was used over 3 % of traffic. This growth was mainly due improvement in the system. [10]. VoIP is rapidly growing year by year. It is likely to reach around 300 million users of VoIP around the world. 2.4 Protocols A protocol can be defined as a combination or set of rules. These are necessary for data transmission by two or more computers over a network. These protocols determine data compression, acknowledgements, and error checking methods. [12] 2.4.1 Internet Protocol Internet protocol is the primary network protocol used across the network. By using this protocol the packets are sent across the network.It is a connectionless protocol which means each packet is travelling in the network is independent and is not related to any other unit. The connection oriented protocol transmission control protocol (TCP) handles all the packets. 2.4.2 H.323 The H.323 is one of the two important protocols used in VoIP. H.323 protocol is a standard designed by international telecommunications union (ITU), which sets rules for multimedia applications across the network. It is used for sending audio, data packets, and video over IP network, which basically means providing real time multimedia applications. It behaves as real time protocol and also non real time protocol. [6]. Most of the ITU-T terminal recommendations provide only terminals. However H.323 provides various components along with terminals on a network [13]. They are gateway, gatekeepers, and multiple control units. These components provide point to point/multipoint multimedia communications, when connected together. Below is the figure of H.323 architecture Figure: 1 H.323 architecture Ref [13] 2.4.2.1 H.323 terminal The H.323 terminal is also known as client; usually it is a computer or internet phone with H.323 client. The H.323 terminal gives real time bidirectional video, voice, data interactions. H.225.0 is used to specify call signalling, packetization, synchronizations. On the other side H.245 is used to specify messages for opening and closing logical connections beside other commands [14]. 2.4.2.2 Gate keeper Gatekeeper supports address translation and other access control for H.323 standards. H.323 is the standard that points the system; this protocol provides different types of services such as voice, video and packet transmission. A gatekeeper acts as routing manager, which is responsible for all end nodes in a particular area. [11] 2.4.2.3 Gateway Gateway is a part of the VoIP system, which is used to modify audio and fax call in real time. Mainly it works between internet and plain old telephone system as a converter. This IP telephony gateway converts analogy signal into internet data packets and sends data as a regular data packet over a network. Once the packet is received on the receiver end, it is re converted into analogy voice signal. It allows regular telephone calls to be achieved through the internet and provides communication between Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and internet.[15] 2.4.2.4 Multi Point Control Units Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) acts as a multipoint conference to establish a connection among three or more devices and gateways. It is usually integrated with a client , gateway. There are two elements associated to MCU, one is multipoint controller and second is multipoint processor. In this multipoint conferencing, two types of stages involved, centralized and decentralized. Centralized multipoint mode provides direct communication of H.323 devices to MCU in P2P method. Multipoint controller is used in a point to point call way and moreover it is also used to check if it has to multi cast or uncast the information such as audio and video. In the other mode decentralized multipoint, multicast method is used to transfer all data to other devices. The multi point control unit checks the readiness of all devices and sends different data streams [16]. 2.4.3 SIP It is a protocol used for modifying, terminating, establishing sessions over a network. It is also called as signalling protocol and mainly used for internet telephony VoIP calls. It is designed by the internet engineering task force (IETF) for real time transmission. There are different components in SIP.SIP is less weight than H.323 and moreover when it comes to flexibility, it is more flexible [17]. It can also used for video, audio, multimedia sessions. It is more popular and being adopted more due to more flexibility than H.323. The structure of SIP is same as of Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP); it follows the client server model [18] 2.4.3.1 Main Components involved in SIP User Agent User Agent works as logical entity at SIP end station software. It acts as client when initialising session requests and acts as server when replying to a session request. It has the capabilities of initiating and answering calls. It also has the ability to save and manage call state that is why it is known as intelligent [4]. Proxy Server They are used as computers and requests are forwarded by them on the behalf of other computers. They are one kind of intermediate server, forwarding requests from the user to SIP server [4]. Figure: 2 an example of proxy server Ref [4] Redirect Server It is a second type of intermediate server. The main responsibilities of this server is to give name resolution and user location. It simply gives the information needed to start the originating client. Once it has been done, it is no more involved in the process [4] Registrar Server Registrar Server is a server that is used to register the location information from the user agent and saves the registration information. This sort of concept creates a directory for all logged and also specifies their location.[4] 2.5 QOS QOS is Quality of Service refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies, including Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ethernet and 802.1 networks, SONET, and IP-routed networks that may use any or all of these underlying technologies. The primary goal of Qos is to provide priority including dedicated bandwidth of service is most important part for any multimedia application. It is more considered in a private network such as connection of multiple offices than on worldwide internet. Initially, internet was known for sending email and file. However it is more than just sending files, now it has real time applications such as video, gaming, internet telephony. As the VoIP technology has evolved so much, there is more need for better Qos. Below table provides a list of Qos parameters [19]: For a successful VoIP deployment, Qos is an important tool. Bandwidth is one of important factor in VoIP, if enough bandwidth is provided; the voice quality will be more than just satisfied. This is the reason services in organisation doesnt need planned QOS as they have enough bandwidth. A successful VoIP deployment requires a careful examination and network assessment, as well as a system to measure and monitor the system in order to benefit from the cost savings, flexibility and functionality VoIP offers. There are five areas to consider when planning a VoIP deployment: Make sure the network can handle VoIP. Keep the deployment simple. Create network service maps and update service-level agreements. Consider QoE. Quality of experience (QoE) . Review, reassess and repeat. However as the network grows such as internet, more complications, issues arise as there are multiple services to be handled, several areas are to be covered, security is concerned. The aim is quite simple, IP telephony must meet the requirements of a user, which means voice quality should be similar to that of PSTN in such a way to retain same standards and satisfy the user expectations. When the voice signals are transmitted over the network, the data is divided into packets and transmitted across the network through network elements such as routers, switches. In this process to achieve better results, Qos is to be followed which would give importance to real time application over non real time applications.[20]. The main factors network analysis are mainly delay, jitter (variation in delay), and packet loss. Packet Loss: One of the very important factors in VoIP Qos is packet loss. This generally occurs when the packet is dropped during peak loads and congestion. This happens as VoIP packets are very sensitive of voice transmission. The main reason or largest cause of a packet loss is a packed being dropped due to overload in the network. This is the main factor which can significantly affect VoIP quality [22] Delay Delay is the key performance of QoS , which is needed to be reduced . End to end delay is the duration taken by a analog signal to transmit from the sender to receiver. Delay does not produce noise , however it affects the quality of conversation. When the delay reaches about 250ms, the telephonic conversation observes its impact. Between 300 ms and 500 ms the talk gets slightly difficult. Finally if it reaches above 500 ms makes an impossible communication. In VoIP the delay could be anywhere between 50 to 100 ms , however in POTS , the delay is generally under 10 ms.[22] Jitter Delay Variation sometimes also known as Jitter is the variation in packet delay. It is mainly the difference value between the delay of two consequent voice packets. In the internet terminology they can explained in a simple manner , if the packet n has delayed highly then chances are high for the packet n+1 also[21]. To reduce the delay between two queuing packets, a jitter buffer is used. This buffer stores arriving packets temporarily in order to reduce the difference value between two packets. For some reason, if the packets are delayed then it simply discards the packet. The acceptable value considered for jitter is between 0ms and 50ms and anything above this is not acceptable [18] done Techniques for jitter absorption 1. same playout time is set for all packets for whole session or for the duration of one session. 2. The second technique involves adaptive adjustment of the playout time during silence period related to present network. This technique is also called as talkspurts adjustment. 3. This technique is also known as within talkspurts adjustment. In this method constantly adapting the playout time for each packet, which needs the scaling of voice packets [15] 2.6 Initial VoIP Study and Design There are various real time applications running on internet, such as calling over PC, Video and voice. When deploying these services across networks, there are many difficulties and issues are faced. Some of them are directly related to QoS ; is the network capable of handling the new application and whether there will be any negative impact on existing services in the network. For real time application such as VoIP, which uses UDP as transport layer protocol, QoS is not guaranteed. Researchers are always working on these issues depending upon the real time application. In order to achieve good results, a good policy , QoS should be implemented. There are many things to be considered to give a high standard service. To begin packetization , delay , network design are few things to establish QoS.[7] However other things are signalling protocol , security, bandwidth, power failures. Certainly there are numerous methods available to achieve QoS. But it is really important to understand and estimate the requirement of this QoS by a particular system. Sometimes it is noticed by the engineers that spending on the network parameters is less than on QoS. As a result, it is important thing to consider before deploying, whether to design a QoS or not. 2.7 Components of VoIP Below figure gives an end to end VoIP system Components from sending point to receiving point. As seen in the figure the different components involved are encoder, packetizer, playback buffer, depacketizer , decoder. Voice is in the form of analog , which moves along the time , which usually is limited within 4kHz. Bandwidth [18]. The analog or audio signal is first converted into samples , which is a digital signal , which is then transmitted across the network [17]. Next to encoder it is packetizer , which encapsulates the digital samples into packets along with real time protocol (RTP),User Datagram Protocol(UDP),IP and Ethernet headers. Finally the digital packet moves into the network and passes through playback buffer. Playback buffer mainly used to absorb any kind of changes, delay. In final stages the packet enters depacketizer and then decoder which convert the digital signal into analog signal. Fig 3: source Assessing the Quality of Voice Communications Over Internet Backbones [17 ]. 2.8 CODEC A codec is software that converts analog signal into digital bits and transmits them as data across the network. These Codecs use high level methods for coding [12]. Table 2 : 2.9 Performance related QoS parameters. One of the most important metrics for QoS in VoIP is bandwidth. It plays an important role as the voice channels rely on the present bandwidth. Apart from this constraint, there are other important factors which also decide the quality of calls; they are loss of packets, delay and other variations. End to End delay It can be explained as the duration taken by the information to pass from the speaker or caller to the receiver. VoIP requires real time traffic transmission across the network and this transmission end-to-end delay is most important factor to decide QoS. ITU-T suggests that end-to-end delay should be less than 150ms for a high quality conversation [12] Bandwidth The bandwidth required to make a single call in one way is 64kbps. If the call is using G.711, the codec samples 20ms of voice for each packet. We need 50 packets to send per second. In addition to this packet, other headers of protocols are also added. They are real time protocol, user datagram protocol, internet protocol and Ethernet. In the end 226 bytes must be transmitted 50 times per sec. This value is only for one way. The total required bandwidth for each call is 100pps for both directions [19]. Call Distribution One of the very important factor before planning or designing is the calculation of internal and external calls. The call usage statistics plays an important role in VoIP deployment. The statistics would give a clear picture of nature of call, time, duration, peak time. In order to achieve best QoS , always a worst scenario should be considered. Like, busiest call transmitting time should be considered of the month. This would make sure that all other calls are provided with well planned QoS. 2.10 Advantages and Disadvantages There are many advantages associated with VoIP, especially when compared to PSTN it gives various benefits. The good thing about this technology is that it is not only beneficial to small and large enterprises but also for residential users. Low cost Most of the VoIP companies provide low calling cost for distant places, which are almost same as local call. Only condition is that the user must have broadband connection to use the VoIP service. Now a days most of the places such as homes, offices are equipped with internet connection. This is the main advantage with VoIP technology, as it does not need a completely new system to make cheaper calls. In some situations the calling cost will be absolutely free, even though the call will be an international call. Lets take the scenario where the user is using his or her computer connected with internet. In this process the user just needs software installed on the computer and also at the receiver end, software must be installed. The entire conversation between these two computers is free of cost. Multimedia Applications Apart from regular international calls VoIP service also provides unified messaging, real time applications such as audio and video conferencing, e-learning and other entertainment applications. VoIP has brought number of new things in the internet world. Corporate benefits VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, is rapidly becoming a top choice for people wishing to avoid costly telephone service. For this reason it became more popular. The following are three top reasons for using VoIP. The reasons are Huge savings Options Its Not Going Anywhere VoIP calling can significantly remove all international charges for companies making distant calls overseas. These savings can be also included when calls are made within the organisations. But when it comes to international calling more savings are achieved. Especially for companies with data networks have an edge over the technology. With recent improvement in VoIP quality, call can be compared to PSTN and used as regular method of calling. Disadvantages However, there are still some disadvantages of VOIP especially when it comes to using the technology for functions beyond the one caller to one caller scenario. one of the disadvantage is If multiple users need to make VOIP calls, it can be difficult for the company to know exactly how much bandwidth to provide especially if internet access, video conferencing or other data transmission services are using the same path. Broadband connection A high speed internet service is necessary to run VoIP service; it is applicable for both enterprises and residential. If the internet speed is low, then quality of VoIP may degrade. Power outage One of the major drawbacks of VoIP is disconnection of service in power outage. Whereas PSTN works even when there is power outage. Comparatively PSTN is more reliable in such situation. However this situation can be controlled in VoIP by using generators to provide power. Chapter -3 Literature Review Related Work In order to provide more security the usage of VOIP network deployment is increased. Because of low price calls most of the enterprises uses network, it causes network congestion. To avoid network congestion we preferred VOIP network deployment system. After many researches, VOIP is issued in both wire and wireless. The demand of VOIP service has increased because of its security, performance, quality of service (QOS) and network infrastructure enhancement. This chapter mainly focused on research papers on VOIP deployment and present reviews of performance and quality of service (QOS) measurements. 3.1 VoIP Network Securities In general there are always problem with network attacks like denial of service, worms, network attacks which can be made by man and etc. similarly VOIP system can also faces the attacking problems and degrade the performance of voice services. Here we need to prefer intruder detection system which can handle the network oriented attacks efficiently. Even we will get attacks like spams on the mailing system. The main aim of denial of service is to interrupt the services from resources by making them unavailable to the user. Multi-Layered VoIP Security Because of threats attacks the quality of voice will be degrade, it causes the service useless. Denial of service and distributed denial of service attaches degrades the quality of voice. VoIP service introducing the greatest achievement by providing security in communication by control (signaling) and content (voice) parallel channels which together form the VoIP service. The attacks damage the whole service useless. 3.2 VoIP network Performance In communication world , a lot of research work is going on to evaluate VoIP performance by analyzing different inputs such as traffic, packet delivery time, receiving time, jitter and network congestion. In the reference [4], the author designed a network model using computer simulation. This research explains the network performance in respect to various available links and network. The VoIP performance review shows the loss patterns in terms of packet loss, delay time and network congestion, it measures the delay and loss characteristics. Kostas [5] deliberated the VoIP performance on different networks and they discuss the delay and loss measurement characteristics, they discuss founded on round trip delay measurements. The quality results can be seen with the delay and packet loss. 3.3 VoIP Quality of Services VoIP services are gradually adapting in to new level of services and used by different sectors. Currently there are some challenges for this technology. Anyone providing VoIP services should be able to achieve certain standards and quality of the service should satisfy the user. The availability of QoS is an important factor for the end users. Therefore understanding the issues related to QoS is one of the important factor , QoS parameters should be properly analysed and if any loop hole is found , it should be accordingly rectified. Cole et al. [6] propose a quality measurement method by studying the review on E-Model [7] by measuring the quintiles of delay and loss. Markopoulou et al. [8] employs subject quality measures to review internet backbone ability, this work is based on packet tracer which are able to present overall quality of VoIP. In this

Hate Crime in America Essay

â€Å"A Hate Crime is an intentional, deliberate, and methodically-charged crime executed in order to cause harm or damage with regard to a specific victim chosen as a result of prejudice, racism, bias, and unlawful resentment. The range of Hate Crimes is a broad one†. The paper will inform readers of different types of hate crimes and behaviors of hate crime. From that topic, readers will learn what hate crime, the history of hate crime is and what makes hate crime different from other crimes. The topic will continue with the causes and characteristic of hate crimes informing readers of the popular hate crimes, their victims, and perpetrators. As the paper progress, the paper will inform readers research on what motivates people to commit hate crimes such as people sexually preference, race or their religion. The topic will also touch on common ways of committing hate crimes and who is known for committing those different hate crimes. The paper would also provide research information on ways to address hate crime. Victims of hate crimes now have laws to protect them from people’s cruel intentions. These laws help protect the rights of people who is victimize because of their religion, race, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin. Offenses motivated by hatred against a victim based on their religion, sex orientation, race, handicapped, ethnicity, or national origin is considered a hate crime, this issue has risen up on the political charts; however, the phenomenon is hardly new. Hate crimes was largely inspired by United States religious and racial bias (Phillips, 2009). Hates crimes go as far back as the early 16th and 17th century when Native Americans were the target of intimidation and violence. (Phillips, 2009). The number of hate crimes committed in the US seems small when compared to other crimes that are committed, but the crime can become more violent than other crimes (Wessler, 2001). When hate crimes are committed, it is not to just victimize that certain person but the group of people that victim represents. This then causes chaos and hatred to spread through the community like a virus. Unlike other crimes hate crimes causes retaliation and may be the cause of series of deaths to occur through a community very rapidly. Wessler (2001) says that young people mostly commit hate crimes and their victims endure more physical and psychological harm than victims of other crimes do. Victims  should not have to deal with hate crimes alone communities and others should definitely speak out when others are being demeaning to others because of their religion, race, gender or sexual preference. According to Wessler (2001) â€Å"Everyday eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three Jews, and one Latino become hate crime victims†. Hate crimes is motivated by many different reasons, however race and religion inspire most hate crime that is committed in the Unites States (Wessler, 2001). When this bias act motivates this unlawful act, it targets forty percent of blacks and 13 percent are anti white. (Wessler, 2001). This bias act has been a rife in American history since the early 1800s. The new face of hate crime that has out number other hate crimes in the 20 century would be the attack against the Asian American and the homosexuals, according the FBI statistics (Wessler, 2001). Hate crimes is a human condition that is taught and has a host of factors that created a climate in which people , motivated by their biases, take criminal action (â€Å"1999 Hate Crimes Laws, Anti-Defamation League,†, 1999). According to â€Å"1999 Hate Crimes Laws, Anti-Defamation League,† (1999), â€Å"such factors include poor or uncertain economic conditions, racial stereo types, in films and on television†. As early in the paper, it stated that most hate crime is committed because of race, religion, gender or sexual orientation. Race is the leading cause for hate crimes to be committed. African Americans who constitute the single largest minority group are more likely to be victims of hate crimes than to be a perpetrator of hate crime. In 1995, there were 8,000 hate crimes reports and nearly 3,000 were motivated by bias against African Americans (â€Å"Early Warning, Timely Response, Us Department of Education†,). The other victims consist of Jews, Asian Americans and Muslims. Attacks upon gays and lesbians are becoming more violent and the number of attacks against this group is increasing. The â€Å"Early Warning, Timely Response, Us Department of Education informs that there were 29 gay related murders. Most of the murders were accompanied hideous violence including mutilation. The brutality of these attacks can be conveyed by describing the weapons involve. There are a range weapons used to commit these violent acts such as, bottles, bricks, and rocks, followed by bats, clubs and blunt objects. Violence against gays and lesbians were so brutal, communities and most members of minorities that  were already subject in discriminations often demonized them. This often left gay and lesbians feeling isolated and vulnerable because of the difficult relationship with their communities and the police department. Religion is also a face that motivates hate crime. Every week there is a cross-burned according to Wessler (2001). At St, John Baptist Church a historic black church founded in 1765 has been a target of attacks committed by a group of whites which most of the time belong in a vicious hate group called the Ku Klux Klan. Groups like the KKK had such a negative impact on the society that they influenced 85 percent of the hate crime committed by single civilians and the other 15 percent they were directly responsible for committing those bias unlawful acts against others. Phillips (2009) Hate groups have so much power that they can spawn violence even not being present during the time that the crime was committed Phillips (2009). St John Baptist Church was just one of at least 73 other churches that suffer vandalism and suspicious fires from hate groups Phillips (2009). Most hate crimes committed against African American churches was victimizing during the 1800s and early 1900s during the period of slavery. Hate crimes are committed for different reasons and can occur anywhere and anytime. The important thing is catching these hateful acts as soon as they are committed, starting with hateful jokes and comments. Every Hour a hate crime is committed Wessler (2001). Phillips (2009) says that every one hate crime that is reported there are nine other hate crimes that go UN reported. Victims have a myriad of reasons why they do not report when they are a victim of hate crime. Some homosexual may not be ready to come out the closet fearing ruining relationships with co-workers family and friends. Some victims have little confidence that the authorities will not help them receive justice from there perpetuators. For hate crimes that is reported political leaders, law enforcement agencies state and federal agencies and public interest groups are working together to track down the origin of the bias acts committed Wessler (2001). If ever a victim of hate crime there is laws to protect people from people bias unlawful acts. A victim should first contact their local police or speak with someone at a higher level to inform them of the perpetrator’s cruel intentions Wessler (2001). When hate crimes are committed, their perpetrators face punishment  such as fines to their victims and jail time depending on how severe the crime is Wessler (2001). The Good news of all of this is that as a nation it is more people fighting against hate crimes Wessler (2001). People are speaking out more when bias acts flares up in their present. If ever been physically attacked, threatened with physical harm or discriminated against because of race, color, religion, national origin, ethnic background, gender, sexual orientation, or disability is a victim of hate crime. Hate crime existing since the early 1800s now have laws to protect people from bias unlawful acts committed against them. Although America still filled of hatred, with the help of the government, law enforcements, nonprofit groups against hate crime and good people, can help slow down the motivated bias acts. References 1)Early Warning, Timely Response, Us Department of Education. (). Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/OSEP/earlywrn.html 2)1999 Hate crimes Laws, Anti-Defamation League,. (1999). Retrieved from http://www.adl.org/frames/front_99hatecrime.html 3)Wessler, S. (2001). Addressing Hate Crimes. Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice Practitioners. Hate Crimes Series. Bureau of Justice Assistance Monograph, 4)Phillips, N. D. (2009). The prosecution of hate crimes:. The Limitations of the Hate Crime Typology,

Christmas Day Essay

Speak about one of the holidays celebrated in Great Britain/Moldova Every country and every nation has own traditions and customs. It’s very important to know traditions and customs of other countries. It helps to know more about the history and line of different nations. English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. As I know all English people celebrate Christmas on the 25th of December. It’s the season of good will. It’s the most beautiful time of the year – the time of love, joy and hopes. Is remarkable that children of Great Britain still believe in Father Christmas and write letters to him. Christmas Day is a family holiday. All the people look forward to it, expecting something special. The Christmas trees is the mark of British people. The trees are decorated with candies, cookies and bulbs and are taken down only twelve days after Christmas. After preparation of the Christmas fir-tree British start preparing a festive table. The table seems extremely tempting and is gorgeously decorated with fruits and candles. It is necessary that the Christmas pudding contained thirteen ingredients, of which, one is for Jesus and the rest for the twelve disciples. A silver coin is dropped in the pudding mix which is meant to bring prosperity and good luck to the family. Turkey, served with cranberry sauce, and potatoes are the centre of attraction of the entire feast. After a heavy meal, all members of the family watch the customary Christmas special speech by the British Monarch. In the evening, people pay visits to their relatives around Britain. Certain churches have services in which every child is given a candle wrapped in a red ribbon. These candles represent Jesus Christ and the red ribbons symbolize the blood of Jesus and the God’s love for the entire world.

College Is The Third Greenest College Of America By...

Oberlin college is ranked as the 4th greenest college in America by popularmechanics.com, and it makes sense. It incorporates sustainability into its curriculum, but it also uses brand new technologies, such as solar panels and electric cars. Campuses that are more sustainable seem to have two main characteristics. The first is they are often in more rural settings, and usually use this setting to their advantage, by having big farms and creating nature reserves. The second is that they invest in more environmentally friendly technology before other colleges. Most colleges in the United States are attempting to become more sustainable, but many are taking the wrong approach to doing so. For example, USC is making efforts towards becoming more sustainable, and while some of these efforts are valid, many merely appear to be so that USC market itself as more sustainable. Colleges that put an emphasis on using new, more sustainable technologies tend to be more sustainable than those that simply try to spread the ideas of sustainability. While creating an environmentally conscious student body is important, it may not be achievable everywhere. Right now, the most sustainable schools are in rural environments. This becomes quite evident by looking at popularmechanics.com’s top 10 most sustainable schools ranking; almost all of the colleges on this list have many acres of campus, located in the outskirts of a small town or city. Many of these college have sustainability classes